RIO BIO 156 COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Singe layer of cells, used so this molecules can pass through easily. - ✔✔Simple
epithelium
✔✔Multiple layers of cells, provides protection for underlying cells. - ✔✔Stratified
epithelium
✔✔The mortar that anchors cells to the stronger connective tissue
underneath....composed primarily of protein secreted by the epithelial cells. -
✔✔Basement membrane
✔✔Cell Junctions - ✔✔hold cells together
✔✔3 types of cell junctions - ✔✔Tight junctions, Adhesion Junctions, & Gap junctions
✔✔________seal the plasma membranes of adjacent cells tight so nothing can pass
between cells
Ex: Digestive tract and bladder - ✔✔Tight junctions
✔✔_____________"spot desmosomes" looser in structure. The protein filaments allow
for some movement between cells - ✔✔Adhesion junctions
✔✔________represent connecting channels made of proteins that permit the
movement of ions or water between two adjacent cells. - ✔✔Gap Junctions
✔✔Each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during
gamete production. Mendels law of ?? - ✔✔Independent Assortment
✔✔A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited trait because allele pairs
separate from each other during production of gametes. Mendels Law of? -
✔✔Independent Assortment
✔✔Collection of fetal cells for genetic testing - ✔✔amniocentesis
✔✔The dominant allele has the same phenotypic effect wether present in one or two
copies - ✔✔Complete dominance
✔✔Appearance in-between phenotypes of two parental varieties - ✔✔Incomplete
dominance
,✔✔___________makes red blood cells produce abnormal hemoglobin molecules which
gather and crystalize forming a jagged shape - ✔✔Sickle Cell
✔✔__________is the additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotypic
charcteristic. Example: Medium shade pigmentation. - ✔✔Polygenic Inheritance
✔✔____________________state, that genes occupy specific loci on chromosomes and
it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment during
meiosis. - ✔✔Chromosome theory of inheritance
✔✔Genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited
together are called___________genes - ✔✔Linked
✔✔XY Sex Chromosome - ✔✔Male
✔✔XX Sex Chromosome - ✔✔Female
✔✔Both males and females have ____autosomes - ✔✔44
✔✔Lack of SRY in males cause the production - ✔✔of ovaries rather then testis
✔✔Bacterial viruses are called - ✔✔bacteriophages "phages"
✔✔DNA & RNA consists of ...creating a polynucleotide - ✔✔long chains of monomers
called nucleotides
✔✔there are ___types of nucleotides that make up DNA each with a different
nitrogenous base - ✔✔4
✔✔4 complementary nitrogenous bases in DNA - ✔✔A (adenine) C (Cytosine) T
(Thymine) G (Guanine)
✔✔Each nucleotide of DNA consists of three components....joined by covalent bonds
between the sugar and phosphate - ✔✔a nitrogenous base (a-g-t-c)
a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
a phosphate group
✔✔the joining between sugar and phosphate creates? - ✔✔a sugar phosphate
backbone
✔✔RNA contains what nitrogenous base instead of T (Thymine) - ✔✔U (Uracil)
✔✔translate...AACCT - ✔✔TTGGU
, ✔✔DNA replication begins at specific sites on the double helix called ___________. -
✔✔Origins of replication
✔✔Enzymes that link DNA nucleotides to a growing daughter strand is
called_________. - ✔✔DNA Polymerase
✔✔Enzyme that links pieces together into a single DNA strand - ✔✔DNA ligase
✔✔______________is the transfer of genetic information from DNA into RNA inside
cytoplasm - ✔✔Trascription
✔✔The transfer of information in the RNA into a protein outside cytoplasm -
✔✔Translation
✔✔THe kind of RNA that encodes amino acid sequences is called __________ -
✔✔messenger RNA
✔✔Messenger RNA is translated from _____ and translated into ________. - ✔✔DNA,
polypeptides.
✔✔tRNA molecules carry out 2 functions: - ✔✔1. recognize codons in mRNA
2. Pick up amino acids
✔✔The cells responsible for producing and secreting the proteins that compose the
collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers are - ✔✔fibroblasts
✔✔Fibrous connective tissues care subcategorized according to density and
arrangement - ✔✔Loost Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue
Elastic Connective Tissue
Reticular Connective Tissue
✔✔Loose Connective Tissue - ✔✔Surrounds many internal organs, muscles and blood
vessels and contains a few collagen and elastin fibers allowing for tremendous flexibility
and modest strength
✔✔Dense Connective Tissue - ✔✔is found in tendons and ligaments with many
collagen fibers which is very strong with very few blood vessels causing the healing
process to be slower in tendons and ligaments
✔✔Elastic Connective Tissue - ✔✔surrounds organs that have to change size or shape
regularly such as the stomach or bladder
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Singe layer of cells, used so this molecules can pass through easily. - ✔✔Simple
epithelium
✔✔Multiple layers of cells, provides protection for underlying cells. - ✔✔Stratified
epithelium
✔✔The mortar that anchors cells to the stronger connective tissue
underneath....composed primarily of protein secreted by the epithelial cells. -
✔✔Basement membrane
✔✔Cell Junctions - ✔✔hold cells together
✔✔3 types of cell junctions - ✔✔Tight junctions, Adhesion Junctions, & Gap junctions
✔✔________seal the plasma membranes of adjacent cells tight so nothing can pass
between cells
Ex: Digestive tract and bladder - ✔✔Tight junctions
✔✔_____________"spot desmosomes" looser in structure. The protein filaments allow
for some movement between cells - ✔✔Adhesion junctions
✔✔________represent connecting channels made of proteins that permit the
movement of ions or water between two adjacent cells. - ✔✔Gap Junctions
✔✔Each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during
gamete production. Mendels law of ?? - ✔✔Independent Assortment
✔✔A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited trait because allele pairs
separate from each other during production of gametes. Mendels Law of? -
✔✔Independent Assortment
✔✔Collection of fetal cells for genetic testing - ✔✔amniocentesis
✔✔The dominant allele has the same phenotypic effect wether present in one or two
copies - ✔✔Complete dominance
✔✔Appearance in-between phenotypes of two parental varieties - ✔✔Incomplete
dominance
,✔✔___________makes red blood cells produce abnormal hemoglobin molecules which
gather and crystalize forming a jagged shape - ✔✔Sickle Cell
✔✔__________is the additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotypic
charcteristic. Example: Medium shade pigmentation. - ✔✔Polygenic Inheritance
✔✔____________________state, that genes occupy specific loci on chromosomes and
it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment during
meiosis. - ✔✔Chromosome theory of inheritance
✔✔Genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited
together are called___________genes - ✔✔Linked
✔✔XY Sex Chromosome - ✔✔Male
✔✔XX Sex Chromosome - ✔✔Female
✔✔Both males and females have ____autosomes - ✔✔44
✔✔Lack of SRY in males cause the production - ✔✔of ovaries rather then testis
✔✔Bacterial viruses are called - ✔✔bacteriophages "phages"
✔✔DNA & RNA consists of ...creating a polynucleotide - ✔✔long chains of monomers
called nucleotides
✔✔there are ___types of nucleotides that make up DNA each with a different
nitrogenous base - ✔✔4
✔✔4 complementary nitrogenous bases in DNA - ✔✔A (adenine) C (Cytosine) T
(Thymine) G (Guanine)
✔✔Each nucleotide of DNA consists of three components....joined by covalent bonds
between the sugar and phosphate - ✔✔a nitrogenous base (a-g-t-c)
a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
a phosphate group
✔✔the joining between sugar and phosphate creates? - ✔✔a sugar phosphate
backbone
✔✔RNA contains what nitrogenous base instead of T (Thymine) - ✔✔U (Uracil)
✔✔translate...AACCT - ✔✔TTGGU
, ✔✔DNA replication begins at specific sites on the double helix called ___________. -
✔✔Origins of replication
✔✔Enzymes that link DNA nucleotides to a growing daughter strand is
called_________. - ✔✔DNA Polymerase
✔✔Enzyme that links pieces together into a single DNA strand - ✔✔DNA ligase
✔✔______________is the transfer of genetic information from DNA into RNA inside
cytoplasm - ✔✔Trascription
✔✔The transfer of information in the RNA into a protein outside cytoplasm -
✔✔Translation
✔✔THe kind of RNA that encodes amino acid sequences is called __________ -
✔✔messenger RNA
✔✔Messenger RNA is translated from _____ and translated into ________. - ✔✔DNA,
polypeptides.
✔✔tRNA molecules carry out 2 functions: - ✔✔1. recognize codons in mRNA
2. Pick up amino acids
✔✔The cells responsible for producing and secreting the proteins that compose the
collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers are - ✔✔fibroblasts
✔✔Fibrous connective tissues care subcategorized according to density and
arrangement - ✔✔Loost Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue
Elastic Connective Tissue
Reticular Connective Tissue
✔✔Loose Connective Tissue - ✔✔Surrounds many internal organs, muscles and blood
vessels and contains a few collagen and elastin fibers allowing for tremendous flexibility
and modest strength
✔✔Dense Connective Tissue - ✔✔is found in tendons and ligaments with many
collagen fibers which is very strong with very few blood vessels causing the healing
process to be slower in tendons and ligaments
✔✔Elastic Connective Tissue - ✔✔surrounds organs that have to change size or shape
regularly such as the stomach or bladder
