NUTR 280 TEST PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔poor growth, nerve development/function problems, smooth red tongue - ✔✔other
signs of folate deficiency
✔✔folate - ✔✔vitamin B12 is needed to convert which B vitamin to its active coenzyme
form?
✔✔myelin sheath - ✔✔vitamin B12 is needed for the maintenance of the
✔✔B12 - ✔✔while water-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body to any large extent,
which vitamin is stored and reused more efficiently?
✔✔food proteins - ✔✔vitamin B12 in food is bound to
✔✔pepsin - ✔✔a decrease in pH and the activation of ______________ in the lower
stomach helps to release vitamin B12
✔✔intrinsic factor - ✔✔a protein made in stomach that is needed for B12 to be
absorbed is called
✔✔small intestine - ✔✔the intrinsic factor binds with B12 in the upper
____________________ and forms a B12 intrinsic factor complex
✔✔mucosal cells - ✔✔absorption of the B12 intrinsic factor complex occurs in the lower
small intestine and binds with receptors on
✔✔yes, only a small amount - ✔✔if B12 is not bound to an intrinsic factor, can it be
absorbed?
✔✔pernicious anemia - ✔✔a deficiency of B12 due to the lack of intrinsic factor is called
✔✔large, immature red blood cells that cause nerve damage - ✔✔characterizations fo
pernicious anemia
✔✔creeping paralysis - ✔✔begins at the extremities and works its way inward
✔✔animal derived foods and fortified products; not plant groups - ✔✔food sources of
B12
✔✔vegans and older adults - ✔✔2 population groups at risk of a B12 deficiency
✔✔ascorbic acid - ✔✔another name for vitamin C
, ✔✔collagen - ✔✔vitamin C is important in assisting in the synthesis and maintenance of
✔✔antioxidant - ✔✔vitamin C also protects substances from oxidation by free radicals,
making it an
✔✔iron - ✔✔vitamin C also protects circulating vitamin E and
✔✔iron, calcium, and folate - ✔✔vitamin C aids in the absorption of
✔✔scurvy - ✔✔vitamin C deficiency disease
✔✔inability to form healthy collagen, bleeding gums - ✔✔scurvy symptoms
✔✔choline - ✔✔considered a water soluble "substance" and an essential nutrient
✔✔acetylcholine - ✔✔choline is needed for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter
✔✔phospholipids - ✔✔choline is also needed for the making of certain
_________________, vital components of cell membranes
✔✔homocysteine - ✔✔choline is needed in the pathway for converting
_______________ back to methionine
✔✔retinoids and carotenoids - ✔✔2 forms of vitamin A
✔✔retinoids - ✔✔preformed, active vitamin A; more readily absorbed
✔✔carotenoids - ✔✔precursor form of vitamin A
✔✔animal - ✔✔retinoids are found naturally in foods of this origin
✔✔beta-carotene - ✔✔carotenoid that is most potent precursor, and can be converted
into retinoids more efficiently than the other carotenoids
also an antioxidant
✔✔micelles - ✔✔retinoids and carotenoids are incorporated into _____________ and
absorbed
✔✔liver - ✔✔where is most vitamin A stored
✔✔retinol-binding proteins - ✔✔how does vitamin A leave the liver?
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔poor growth, nerve development/function problems, smooth red tongue - ✔✔other
signs of folate deficiency
✔✔folate - ✔✔vitamin B12 is needed to convert which B vitamin to its active coenzyme
form?
✔✔myelin sheath - ✔✔vitamin B12 is needed for the maintenance of the
✔✔B12 - ✔✔while water-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body to any large extent,
which vitamin is stored and reused more efficiently?
✔✔food proteins - ✔✔vitamin B12 in food is bound to
✔✔pepsin - ✔✔a decrease in pH and the activation of ______________ in the lower
stomach helps to release vitamin B12
✔✔intrinsic factor - ✔✔a protein made in stomach that is needed for B12 to be
absorbed is called
✔✔small intestine - ✔✔the intrinsic factor binds with B12 in the upper
____________________ and forms a B12 intrinsic factor complex
✔✔mucosal cells - ✔✔absorption of the B12 intrinsic factor complex occurs in the lower
small intestine and binds with receptors on
✔✔yes, only a small amount - ✔✔if B12 is not bound to an intrinsic factor, can it be
absorbed?
✔✔pernicious anemia - ✔✔a deficiency of B12 due to the lack of intrinsic factor is called
✔✔large, immature red blood cells that cause nerve damage - ✔✔characterizations fo
pernicious anemia
✔✔creeping paralysis - ✔✔begins at the extremities and works its way inward
✔✔animal derived foods and fortified products; not plant groups - ✔✔food sources of
B12
✔✔vegans and older adults - ✔✔2 population groups at risk of a B12 deficiency
✔✔ascorbic acid - ✔✔another name for vitamin C
, ✔✔collagen - ✔✔vitamin C is important in assisting in the synthesis and maintenance of
✔✔antioxidant - ✔✔vitamin C also protects substances from oxidation by free radicals,
making it an
✔✔iron - ✔✔vitamin C also protects circulating vitamin E and
✔✔iron, calcium, and folate - ✔✔vitamin C aids in the absorption of
✔✔scurvy - ✔✔vitamin C deficiency disease
✔✔inability to form healthy collagen, bleeding gums - ✔✔scurvy symptoms
✔✔choline - ✔✔considered a water soluble "substance" and an essential nutrient
✔✔acetylcholine - ✔✔choline is needed for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter
✔✔phospholipids - ✔✔choline is also needed for the making of certain
_________________, vital components of cell membranes
✔✔homocysteine - ✔✔choline is needed in the pathway for converting
_______________ back to methionine
✔✔retinoids and carotenoids - ✔✔2 forms of vitamin A
✔✔retinoids - ✔✔preformed, active vitamin A; more readily absorbed
✔✔carotenoids - ✔✔precursor form of vitamin A
✔✔animal - ✔✔retinoids are found naturally in foods of this origin
✔✔beta-carotene - ✔✔carotenoid that is most potent precursor, and can be converted
into retinoids more efficiently than the other carotenoids
also an antioxidant
✔✔micelles - ✔✔retinoids and carotenoids are incorporated into _____________ and
absorbed
✔✔liver - ✔✔where is most vitamin A stored
✔✔retinol-binding proteins - ✔✔how does vitamin A leave the liver?
