NUTR 280 EVALUATION EXAMS 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Sphincter - ✔✔· acts as a "valve" → opens to allow the bolus to enter the stomach
and closes to keep it from going back into the esophagus
✔✔Gastric juice - ✔✔- is released by cells that make up the gastric glands within the
gastric pits of the lining of the upper part of the stomach
- triggered by the prescence of food
✔✔Gastrin - ✔✔a hormone that stimulates stomach motility and gastric glands
secretions
✔✔Gastric juice - ✔✔Mucus; digestive enzymes, one of which is "inactive" pepsin
(protein digesting enzyme); hydrochloric acid (HCL; very acidic); & intrinsic factor
(needed vitamin B12 absorption)[SB1]
[SB1]Know this for the exam
✔✔Mucosa or mucosa membrane - ✔✔The lining of the GI tract (stomach and the other
"5" organs)
✔✔Mixed with gastric juice = chyme, a semiliquid food mass. This is an important
function of the "lower" part of the stomach - ✔✔bolus
✔✔The Small Intestine - ✔✔- Mixed with gastric juice = chyme, a semiliquid food mass.
- This is an important function of the "lower" part of the stomach
✔✔How is chyme propelled down the small intestine?\ - ✔✔o Peristalsis &
segmentation
o External layer →thick and connective tissue
o Interior layers →"2" layers = longitudinal muscle + circular muscle
✔✔segmentation - ✔✔o Rhythmic constricting of the intestine
o Mixes chyme with → digestive juices
o Speeds absorption by repeatedly moving the food mass over the intestinal wall.
✔✔lumen - ✔✔hollow space within the intestine
✔✔mucosa - ✔✔innermost layer of the small intestine
✔✔Villi - ✔✔tiny, fingerlike projections of the highly folded small intestinal mucosa that
are involved in nutrient digestion and absorption
✔✔colon and rectum make up the what? - ✔✔the large intestine
, ✔✔Primary functions of the large intestine - ✔✔o Absorption of water and electrolytes
o Production and absorption of some →vitamins
o Formation and propelling of feces toward the rectum for elimination.
✔✔Rectum - ✔✔(last section of the large intestine) is a temporary storage site for
feces/fecal matter, which is eliminated from the body via the anus in a process called
→defecation
✔✔Diverticulosis - ✔✔condition characterized by the presence of diverticula, sacs or
pouches that protrude from the wall of the large intestine
✔✔Diverticulitis - ✔✔condition characterized by inflamed diverticula due to bateria or
feces becoming trapped in the sacs
✔✔ nutrient - ✔✔life-sustaining substances in food; vital for the body to function
✔✔metabolism - ✔✔the total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells
✔✔nutrition - ✔✔the scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them
✔✔nutrient density - ✔✔a measure of the nutrients provided by a food relative to its
calorie content
✔✔kilocalorie or Calorie - ✔✔The heat energy needed to raise the temperature of
1000g (1 L) of water 1 degree Celsius
✔✔calorie - ✔✔The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g (1 ml) of
water 1 degree Celsius
✔✔Macronutrients - ✔✔needed in large quantities (lipids (fats), carbohydrates, proteins,
water)
✔✔Carbohydrate - ✔✔4 Calories per one gram **
IMMEDIATE energy source
✔✔Lipids - ✔✔- 9 Calories/gram
· Energy-rich
· Major form of STORED energy
✔✔Proteins - ✔✔- 4 Calories/gram
· NOT the body's first choice of energy
· Too many other valuable roles in the body
AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Sphincter - ✔✔· acts as a "valve" → opens to allow the bolus to enter the stomach
and closes to keep it from going back into the esophagus
✔✔Gastric juice - ✔✔- is released by cells that make up the gastric glands within the
gastric pits of the lining of the upper part of the stomach
- triggered by the prescence of food
✔✔Gastrin - ✔✔a hormone that stimulates stomach motility and gastric glands
secretions
✔✔Gastric juice - ✔✔Mucus; digestive enzymes, one of which is "inactive" pepsin
(protein digesting enzyme); hydrochloric acid (HCL; very acidic); & intrinsic factor
(needed vitamin B12 absorption)[SB1]
[SB1]Know this for the exam
✔✔Mucosa or mucosa membrane - ✔✔The lining of the GI tract (stomach and the other
"5" organs)
✔✔Mixed with gastric juice = chyme, a semiliquid food mass. This is an important
function of the "lower" part of the stomach - ✔✔bolus
✔✔The Small Intestine - ✔✔- Mixed with gastric juice = chyme, a semiliquid food mass.
- This is an important function of the "lower" part of the stomach
✔✔How is chyme propelled down the small intestine?\ - ✔✔o Peristalsis &
segmentation
o External layer →thick and connective tissue
o Interior layers →"2" layers = longitudinal muscle + circular muscle
✔✔segmentation - ✔✔o Rhythmic constricting of the intestine
o Mixes chyme with → digestive juices
o Speeds absorption by repeatedly moving the food mass over the intestinal wall.
✔✔lumen - ✔✔hollow space within the intestine
✔✔mucosa - ✔✔innermost layer of the small intestine
✔✔Villi - ✔✔tiny, fingerlike projections of the highly folded small intestinal mucosa that
are involved in nutrient digestion and absorption
✔✔colon and rectum make up the what? - ✔✔the large intestine
, ✔✔Primary functions of the large intestine - ✔✔o Absorption of water and electrolytes
o Production and absorption of some →vitamins
o Formation and propelling of feces toward the rectum for elimination.
✔✔Rectum - ✔✔(last section of the large intestine) is a temporary storage site for
feces/fecal matter, which is eliminated from the body via the anus in a process called
→defecation
✔✔Diverticulosis - ✔✔condition characterized by the presence of diverticula, sacs or
pouches that protrude from the wall of the large intestine
✔✔Diverticulitis - ✔✔condition characterized by inflamed diverticula due to bateria or
feces becoming trapped in the sacs
✔✔ nutrient - ✔✔life-sustaining substances in food; vital for the body to function
✔✔metabolism - ✔✔the total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells
✔✔nutrition - ✔✔the scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them
✔✔nutrient density - ✔✔a measure of the nutrients provided by a food relative to its
calorie content
✔✔kilocalorie or Calorie - ✔✔The heat energy needed to raise the temperature of
1000g (1 L) of water 1 degree Celsius
✔✔calorie - ✔✔The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g (1 ml) of
water 1 degree Celsius
✔✔Macronutrients - ✔✔needed in large quantities (lipids (fats), carbohydrates, proteins,
water)
✔✔Carbohydrate - ✔✔4 Calories per one gram **
IMMEDIATE energy source
✔✔Lipids - ✔✔- 9 Calories/gram
· Energy-rich
· Major form of STORED energy
✔✔Proteins - ✔✔- 4 Calories/gram
· NOT the body's first choice of energy
· Too many other valuable roles in the body
