JERSEY COLLEGE A&P FINAL EXAM STUDY
GUIDE SUMMARY WITH 100% SOLVED AND
GRADED A+ ANSWERS
◉ transport of oxygen 98.5% of oxygen is transported in blood by
hemoglobin
◉ transport of carbon dioxide 10% dissolved in plasma and red
blood cells
15% combined with protein portion of hemoglobin and plasma
proteins
75% dissolved in blood fluids and converted to bicarbonate ion
◉ regulation of respiration complex process regulated by changes
in cellular oxygen demands and carbon dioxide production;
controlled by central nervous system
◉ medulla main control center in regulation of respiration
◉ respiratory control center medulla and pons of the brain stem
◉ what nerve goes to the diaphragm Phrenic nerve
,◉ central chemoreceptors respond to raised CO2
◉ peripheral chemoreceptors respond to oxygen level
considerably below normal
◉ hyperpnea increase in the depth and rate of breathing
◉ hypopnea decrease in the rate and depth of breathing
◉ tachypnea excessive rate of breathing
◉ apnea temporary cessation of breathing
◉ roles of the nervous system coordinate all body systems, nerves
carry messages to and from centers, brain and spinal cord act as
switching centers, detects and responds to stimuli
◉ two divisions of Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS)
and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
◉ Central Nervous System consists of Brain and spinal cord
,◉ Peripheral Nervous System consists of cranial and spinal
nerves
◉ Divisions of PNS somatic and autonomic nervous system
◉ somatic nervous system is control: voluntary
effectors: skeletal muscles
◉ autonomic nervous system is control: involuntary
effectors: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
◉ neuron's cell body contains nucleus and other organelles
◉ neuron's cell fibers contains dendrites that carry impulses to
cell body and axons that carry impulses away from cell body
◉ myelin sheath fatty insulation around axons
myelinated axons make up the white matter
unmyelinated axons make up gray matter
, ◉ myelin sheath in the PNS formed by schwann cells and
outermost cells form the neurilemma
◉ myelin sheath in the CNS formed by oligodendrocytes
◉ sensory (afferent) neurons conduct impulses to the spinal cord
and the brain
◉ motor (efferent) neurons carry impulses from the CNS to the
muscles and glands
◉ interneurons (central or association) relay info from place to
place within the CNS
◉ nerve fiber bundle within PNS
◉ tract fiber bundle within CNS
◉ nerves and tracts are organized into bundles
◉ nerves and tracts have three tissue layers that are... connective
tissue layers: endoneurium
GUIDE SUMMARY WITH 100% SOLVED AND
GRADED A+ ANSWERS
◉ transport of oxygen 98.5% of oxygen is transported in blood by
hemoglobin
◉ transport of carbon dioxide 10% dissolved in plasma and red
blood cells
15% combined with protein portion of hemoglobin and plasma
proteins
75% dissolved in blood fluids and converted to bicarbonate ion
◉ regulation of respiration complex process regulated by changes
in cellular oxygen demands and carbon dioxide production;
controlled by central nervous system
◉ medulla main control center in regulation of respiration
◉ respiratory control center medulla and pons of the brain stem
◉ what nerve goes to the diaphragm Phrenic nerve
,◉ central chemoreceptors respond to raised CO2
◉ peripheral chemoreceptors respond to oxygen level
considerably below normal
◉ hyperpnea increase in the depth and rate of breathing
◉ hypopnea decrease in the rate and depth of breathing
◉ tachypnea excessive rate of breathing
◉ apnea temporary cessation of breathing
◉ roles of the nervous system coordinate all body systems, nerves
carry messages to and from centers, brain and spinal cord act as
switching centers, detects and responds to stimuli
◉ two divisions of Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS)
and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
◉ Central Nervous System consists of Brain and spinal cord
,◉ Peripheral Nervous System consists of cranial and spinal
nerves
◉ Divisions of PNS somatic and autonomic nervous system
◉ somatic nervous system is control: voluntary
effectors: skeletal muscles
◉ autonomic nervous system is control: involuntary
effectors: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
◉ neuron's cell body contains nucleus and other organelles
◉ neuron's cell fibers contains dendrites that carry impulses to
cell body and axons that carry impulses away from cell body
◉ myelin sheath fatty insulation around axons
myelinated axons make up the white matter
unmyelinated axons make up gray matter
, ◉ myelin sheath in the PNS formed by schwann cells and
outermost cells form the neurilemma
◉ myelin sheath in the CNS formed by oligodendrocytes
◉ sensory (afferent) neurons conduct impulses to the spinal cord
and the brain
◉ motor (efferent) neurons carry impulses from the CNS to the
muscles and glands
◉ interneurons (central or association) relay info from place to
place within the CNS
◉ nerve fiber bundle within PNS
◉ tract fiber bundle within CNS
◉ nerves and tracts are organized into bundles
◉ nerves and tracts have three tissue layers that are... connective
tissue layers: endoneurium
