HUMAN NUTRITION REVISION EXAMS 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔mouth - ✔✔site of food mastication; provides sensory perceptions; produce saliva
✔✔esophagus - ✔✔connects pharynx if mouth to lower esophageal sphincter of
stomach; epiglottis blocks food from trachea
✔✔peristalsis - ✔✔process of contraction that helps move the food along
✔✔stomach, upper GI - ✔✔large sac that can hold up to 4 cups of water; produces
gastric juices; very little absorption of nutrients
✔✔chyme - ✔✔mixture from stomach
✔✔duodenum - ✔✔first segment of small intestine that receives chyme from the
stomach and digestive juices from pancreas and gallbladder; site of most chemical
digestion of nutrietns
✔✔villi - ✔✔finger-like protrusions that participate in digestion and absorption of food
✔✔absorptive cells - ✔✔intestinal cells that line villi and participate in nutrient
absorption
✔✔passive diffusion - ✔✔diffusion of nutrients across the absorptive cell membranes
✔✔facilitated diffusion - ✔✔uses a carrier protein to move nutrients down a
concentration gradient
✔✔active absorption - ✔✔involves a carrier protein as well as energy to move nutrients
into absorptive cells
✔✔phagocytosis (pinocytosis) - ✔✔forms of active transport in which absorptive cell
membrane forms an indentation that engulfs a nutrient to bring it into cell
✔✔liver - ✔✔regulation of glycogen stores; detoxifies harmful substances; produces bile
that is stored in the gallbladder
✔✔gallbladder - ✔✔organ attached to underside of liver; bile storage, concentration,
and secretion
✔✔bile - ✔✔released through common bile duct into the first segment of small intestine;
essential for digestion and absorption of fat; emulsifies fat
, ✔✔pancreas - ✔✔manufactures hormones-insulin and glucagon
✔✔large intestine - ✔✔mucus-producing cells; absorption of water, some minerals, and
vitamins
✔✔hepatic portal circulation - ✔✔portion of circulatory system using large vein to carry
nutrient-rich blood from capillaries in intestines and portions of the stomach and liver
✔✔lymphatic system - ✔✔system of vessels and lymph accepts fluid surrounding cells
and large particles, such as products of fat absortion
✔✔lymph - ✔✔a clear fluid, which eventually passes into bloodstream from lymphatic
system
✔✔nervous system - ✔✔system consisting of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and
sensory receptors; detects sensations, directs movements, and controls physiological
and intellectual funtions
✔✔endocrine - ✔✔relates to glands that secretes hormones into the blood
✔✔exocrine - ✔✔relates to glands that secrete their products through a duct that
ultimately leads to the body exterior
✔✔endocrine system - ✔✔major role in regulation of metabolism, reproduction, water
balance; produce hormones in the endocrine glands
✔✔insulin - ✔✔produces by the pancreas; increases synthesis of glycogen in liver and
movement of glucose from bloodstream into body cell
✔✔thyroid hormones - ✔✔regulates growth and metabolic rate; iodine is required for
synthesis
✔✔mucosal membrane - ✔✔physical barrier to invading microbes in the small intestine
✔✔antibody - ✔✔blood protein binds foreign proteins found in body
✔✔antigen - ✔✔a substance induces state of sensitivity and/or resistance to
microorganisms and toxic substances after a lag period; foreign substances stimulates
a specific aspect of the immune system
✔✔moderation - ✔✔pay attention to portion sizes; do not overconsume any nutrients
✔✔MyPlate - ✔✔estimates your calorie needs and suggests a food pattern based on
your age, gender, height, and weight
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔mouth - ✔✔site of food mastication; provides sensory perceptions; produce saliva
✔✔esophagus - ✔✔connects pharynx if mouth to lower esophageal sphincter of
stomach; epiglottis blocks food from trachea
✔✔peristalsis - ✔✔process of contraction that helps move the food along
✔✔stomach, upper GI - ✔✔large sac that can hold up to 4 cups of water; produces
gastric juices; very little absorption of nutrients
✔✔chyme - ✔✔mixture from stomach
✔✔duodenum - ✔✔first segment of small intestine that receives chyme from the
stomach and digestive juices from pancreas and gallbladder; site of most chemical
digestion of nutrietns
✔✔villi - ✔✔finger-like protrusions that participate in digestion and absorption of food
✔✔absorptive cells - ✔✔intestinal cells that line villi and participate in nutrient
absorption
✔✔passive diffusion - ✔✔diffusion of nutrients across the absorptive cell membranes
✔✔facilitated diffusion - ✔✔uses a carrier protein to move nutrients down a
concentration gradient
✔✔active absorption - ✔✔involves a carrier protein as well as energy to move nutrients
into absorptive cells
✔✔phagocytosis (pinocytosis) - ✔✔forms of active transport in which absorptive cell
membrane forms an indentation that engulfs a nutrient to bring it into cell
✔✔liver - ✔✔regulation of glycogen stores; detoxifies harmful substances; produces bile
that is stored in the gallbladder
✔✔gallbladder - ✔✔organ attached to underside of liver; bile storage, concentration,
and secretion
✔✔bile - ✔✔released through common bile duct into the first segment of small intestine;
essential for digestion and absorption of fat; emulsifies fat
, ✔✔pancreas - ✔✔manufactures hormones-insulin and glucagon
✔✔large intestine - ✔✔mucus-producing cells; absorption of water, some minerals, and
vitamins
✔✔hepatic portal circulation - ✔✔portion of circulatory system using large vein to carry
nutrient-rich blood from capillaries in intestines and portions of the stomach and liver
✔✔lymphatic system - ✔✔system of vessels and lymph accepts fluid surrounding cells
and large particles, such as products of fat absortion
✔✔lymph - ✔✔a clear fluid, which eventually passes into bloodstream from lymphatic
system
✔✔nervous system - ✔✔system consisting of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and
sensory receptors; detects sensations, directs movements, and controls physiological
and intellectual funtions
✔✔endocrine - ✔✔relates to glands that secretes hormones into the blood
✔✔exocrine - ✔✔relates to glands that secrete their products through a duct that
ultimately leads to the body exterior
✔✔endocrine system - ✔✔major role in regulation of metabolism, reproduction, water
balance; produce hormones in the endocrine glands
✔✔insulin - ✔✔produces by the pancreas; increases synthesis of glycogen in liver and
movement of glucose from bloodstream into body cell
✔✔thyroid hormones - ✔✔regulates growth and metabolic rate; iodine is required for
synthesis
✔✔mucosal membrane - ✔✔physical barrier to invading microbes in the small intestine
✔✔antibody - ✔✔blood protein binds foreign proteins found in body
✔✔antigen - ✔✔a substance induces state of sensitivity and/or resistance to
microorganisms and toxic substances after a lag period; foreign substances stimulates
a specific aspect of the immune system
✔✔moderation - ✔✔pay attention to portion sizes; do not overconsume any nutrients
✔✔MyPlate - ✔✔estimates your calorie needs and suggests a food pattern based on
your age, gender, height, and weight
