HUMAN NUTRITION EXAMINATION TEST 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Pepsin converts __________ to __________. - ✔✔proteins to peptides
✔✔protease - ✔✔protein digesting enzyme eg pepsin
✔✔pH of the stomach + why - ✔✔PH of 1-2 due to the HCl
✔✔four functions of hydrochloric acid in the stomach - ✔✔Kills bacteria, loosens
fiborous and cellular foods, activates pepsinogen, denatures salivary amylase
✔✔How is food mechanically digested in the stomach? - ✔✔Churning
✔✔Name of food mixture as it leaves the stomach - ✔✔Chyme
✔✔How does chyme leave the stomach? - ✔✔In small amounts when a muscle at the
base of the stomach opens briefly
✔✔Role of pepsin - ✔✔Pepsin acts on proteins, breaking them down into peptides
✔✔Two glands associated with the small intestine - ✔✔Pancreas + liver
✔✔One non-digestive function of pancreas - ✔✔Pancreas secretes the hormone insulin
✔✔Three digestive materials in pancreatic juice - ✔✔Sodium bicarbonate - neutralises
chyme
Amylase - acts on amylose, producing maltose
Lipase - acts on lipids, producing fatty acids + glycerol
✔✔How do enzymes (lipase + amylase) enter duodenum - ✔✔Through the pancreatic
duct
✔✔PH of duodenum - ✔✔7-9 - optimum pH for lipase + amylase
✔✔Five functions of the liver - ✔✔Making bile
Detoxifying the body (breaking down drugs + alcohol)
Deamination - breaking down excess amino acids to form urea
Converting glucose to glycogen for storage
Producing heat to warm blood and body
✔✔Bile is formed from... - ✔✔Remains of damaged red blood cells
✔✔Describe bile - ✔✔Yellow-green viscous liquid
, ✔✔Three components of bile - ✔✔Water, bile salts, bile pigments
✔✔Bile is made in the __________ and stored in the __________. - ✔✔made in the
liver and stored in the gallbladder
✔✔Bile entered duodenum through ________ - ✔✔Bile duct
✔✔Three functions of bile - ✔✔- emulsify lipids - break down large fats + oils into tiny
droplets
- neutralise chyme - contains sodium bicarbonate
- excrete pigments - biliverdin + bilirubin - made from damaged red blood cells
✔✔Bile breaks down fats into ______. To _______ - ✔✔Tiny droplets, to increase
surface area for enzyme digestion
✔✔Two parts of small intestine - ✔✔duodenum and ileum
✔✔Duodenum carries out ______, while Ileum is the site of _________ - ✔✔Duodenum
carries out DIGESTION, while Ileum is the site of ABSORPTION
✔✔The cells lining the duodenum produce _________ - ✔✔A range of digestive
enzymes
✔✔Products of the _______ + ________ enter to duodenum through the ___________
+____________ - ✔✔PANCREAS + LIVER enter through the PANCREATIC DUCT +
BILE DUCT
✔✔Inner lining of the small intestine contains many ____________ called _________ -
✔✔Many INFOLDINGS called VILLI (villi also have MICROVILLI)
✔✔Villi are necessary to - ✔✔Increase the surface area for digestion (duodenum) or
absorption (ileum)
✔✔Intestinal glands (between villi) produce - ✔✔Enzymes known as intestinal juice
✔✔Amylase: made in: active in: substrate: product: optimum pH: - ✔✔Made in: salivary
glands
Active in: mouth
Substrate: amylose (starch)
Product: maltose
Optimum pH: 7-9
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Pepsin converts __________ to __________. - ✔✔proteins to peptides
✔✔protease - ✔✔protein digesting enzyme eg pepsin
✔✔pH of the stomach + why - ✔✔PH of 1-2 due to the HCl
✔✔four functions of hydrochloric acid in the stomach - ✔✔Kills bacteria, loosens
fiborous and cellular foods, activates pepsinogen, denatures salivary amylase
✔✔How is food mechanically digested in the stomach? - ✔✔Churning
✔✔Name of food mixture as it leaves the stomach - ✔✔Chyme
✔✔How does chyme leave the stomach? - ✔✔In small amounts when a muscle at the
base of the stomach opens briefly
✔✔Role of pepsin - ✔✔Pepsin acts on proteins, breaking them down into peptides
✔✔Two glands associated with the small intestine - ✔✔Pancreas + liver
✔✔One non-digestive function of pancreas - ✔✔Pancreas secretes the hormone insulin
✔✔Three digestive materials in pancreatic juice - ✔✔Sodium bicarbonate - neutralises
chyme
Amylase - acts on amylose, producing maltose
Lipase - acts on lipids, producing fatty acids + glycerol
✔✔How do enzymes (lipase + amylase) enter duodenum - ✔✔Through the pancreatic
duct
✔✔PH of duodenum - ✔✔7-9 - optimum pH for lipase + amylase
✔✔Five functions of the liver - ✔✔Making bile
Detoxifying the body (breaking down drugs + alcohol)
Deamination - breaking down excess amino acids to form urea
Converting glucose to glycogen for storage
Producing heat to warm blood and body
✔✔Bile is formed from... - ✔✔Remains of damaged red blood cells
✔✔Describe bile - ✔✔Yellow-green viscous liquid
, ✔✔Three components of bile - ✔✔Water, bile salts, bile pigments
✔✔Bile is made in the __________ and stored in the __________. - ✔✔made in the
liver and stored in the gallbladder
✔✔Bile entered duodenum through ________ - ✔✔Bile duct
✔✔Three functions of bile - ✔✔- emulsify lipids - break down large fats + oils into tiny
droplets
- neutralise chyme - contains sodium bicarbonate
- excrete pigments - biliverdin + bilirubin - made from damaged red blood cells
✔✔Bile breaks down fats into ______. To _______ - ✔✔Tiny droplets, to increase
surface area for enzyme digestion
✔✔Two parts of small intestine - ✔✔duodenum and ileum
✔✔Duodenum carries out ______, while Ileum is the site of _________ - ✔✔Duodenum
carries out DIGESTION, while Ileum is the site of ABSORPTION
✔✔The cells lining the duodenum produce _________ - ✔✔A range of digestive
enzymes
✔✔Products of the _______ + ________ enter to duodenum through the ___________
+____________ - ✔✔PANCREAS + LIVER enter through the PANCREATIC DUCT +
BILE DUCT
✔✔Inner lining of the small intestine contains many ____________ called _________ -
✔✔Many INFOLDINGS called VILLI (villi also have MICROVILLI)
✔✔Villi are necessary to - ✔✔Increase the surface area for digestion (duodenum) or
absorption (ileum)
✔✔Intestinal glands (between villi) produce - ✔✔Enzymes known as intestinal juice
✔✔Amylase: made in: active in: substrate: product: optimum pH: - ✔✔Made in: salivary
glands
Active in: mouth
Substrate: amylose (starch)
Product: maltose
Optimum pH: 7-9
