AERIAL APPLICATION END OF COURSE 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Equipment factors that affect droplet size - ✔✔1. Nozzle type
2. Orifice diameter
3. Spray angle
4. Nozzle angle
5. Travel speed
6. Spray pressure
✔✔What pesticide formulation is most likely to drift - ✔✔1. Dust formulations
✔✔Weather conditions that affect drift - ✔✔1. Wind velocity
2. Atmospheric stability
3. Temperature
4. Relative humidity
5. Micro weather
✔✔How does relative humidity affect droplet size - ✔✔Low RH causes droplets to
shrink resulting in longer airborne times
✔✔What is micro weather - ✔✔Weather conditions at ground level or within plant
canopy at target site
✔✔Name and describe the navigation methods - ✔✔1. Landmark - fixed objects
2. Dead reckoning - elapsed time at constant speed
3. LORAN - ground generated radio signals
4. GPS - satellite generated microwave signals
✔✔How does GPS work - ✔✔Uses satellites, satellite tracking stations, and signal
receivers to identify any spot on earth
✔✔3 main components of GPS - ✔✔1. Space segment
2. Control segment
3. User segment
✔✔What is DGPS - ✔✔Two receivers, one stationary and one mobile. Reduces C/A
signal error and improves precision
✔✔NDGPS - ✔✔Provides reliable GPS satellite data to public for free
✔✔What is main commercial DGPS - ✔✔North American omnistar company maintains
11 permanent base stations. These stations track satellites and compute corrections
every 600 milliseconds
, ✔✔How does omnistar locate the users receiver - ✔✔Treats receiver as a virtual base
station allowing the user to operate independently over the coverage area
✔✔Components of a basic DGPS set - ✔✔1. Light bar
2. Mobile receiver
3. GPS antenna
✔✔How does light bar help aerial application - ✔✔Allows pilot to visualize off track
errors
✔✔GPS equipment available for agricultural aircraft - ✔✔1. On board computers
2. Spray output controllers and sensors
3. Computer software that links DGPS to applicator needs
✔✔How can on board DGPS computer help aerial application - ✔✔Helps with mapping
and navigation and can suggest a spray pattern
✔✔Elements of a typical aerial spray system - ✔✔Tank, agitation system, filters, piping
and fitting, pump, pressure gauge, spray boom, and nozzles
✔✔What is the purpose of agitation - ✔✔Certain formulations require agitation to
maintain a uniform spray mixture
✔✔What size piping should you use for fixed wing and rotary wing aircrafts - ✔✔2" for
fixed wing and 1" for rotary wing due to airspeeds
✔✔Two spray boom aspects that influence turbulence at the nozzles - ✔✔1. Position of
boom
2. Cross sectional shape of boom
✔✔What spray boom position is free from wing generated turbulence - ✔✔Well below
and even with the trailing edge of wing
✔✔What cross sectional shape is least desirable - ✔✔Cylindrical
✔✔How does boom length affect fixed wing spraying performance - ✔✔If nozzles are
too close to wing tip they spray can get caught in a vortex resulting in smaller droplets
and drift
✔✔How to prevent cone shaped nozzles from emitting drift sized droplets -
✔✔Configure to produce coarse droplets which increases GPA or cone nozzles without
cores to maintain LV
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Equipment factors that affect droplet size - ✔✔1. Nozzle type
2. Orifice diameter
3. Spray angle
4. Nozzle angle
5. Travel speed
6. Spray pressure
✔✔What pesticide formulation is most likely to drift - ✔✔1. Dust formulations
✔✔Weather conditions that affect drift - ✔✔1. Wind velocity
2. Atmospheric stability
3. Temperature
4. Relative humidity
5. Micro weather
✔✔How does relative humidity affect droplet size - ✔✔Low RH causes droplets to
shrink resulting in longer airborne times
✔✔What is micro weather - ✔✔Weather conditions at ground level or within plant
canopy at target site
✔✔Name and describe the navigation methods - ✔✔1. Landmark - fixed objects
2. Dead reckoning - elapsed time at constant speed
3. LORAN - ground generated radio signals
4. GPS - satellite generated microwave signals
✔✔How does GPS work - ✔✔Uses satellites, satellite tracking stations, and signal
receivers to identify any spot on earth
✔✔3 main components of GPS - ✔✔1. Space segment
2. Control segment
3. User segment
✔✔What is DGPS - ✔✔Two receivers, one stationary and one mobile. Reduces C/A
signal error and improves precision
✔✔NDGPS - ✔✔Provides reliable GPS satellite data to public for free
✔✔What is main commercial DGPS - ✔✔North American omnistar company maintains
11 permanent base stations. These stations track satellites and compute corrections
every 600 milliseconds
, ✔✔How does omnistar locate the users receiver - ✔✔Treats receiver as a virtual base
station allowing the user to operate independently over the coverage area
✔✔Components of a basic DGPS set - ✔✔1. Light bar
2. Mobile receiver
3. GPS antenna
✔✔How does light bar help aerial application - ✔✔Allows pilot to visualize off track
errors
✔✔GPS equipment available for agricultural aircraft - ✔✔1. On board computers
2. Spray output controllers and sensors
3. Computer software that links DGPS to applicator needs
✔✔How can on board DGPS computer help aerial application - ✔✔Helps with mapping
and navigation and can suggest a spray pattern
✔✔Elements of a typical aerial spray system - ✔✔Tank, agitation system, filters, piping
and fitting, pump, pressure gauge, spray boom, and nozzles
✔✔What is the purpose of agitation - ✔✔Certain formulations require agitation to
maintain a uniform spray mixture
✔✔What size piping should you use for fixed wing and rotary wing aircrafts - ✔✔2" for
fixed wing and 1" for rotary wing due to airspeeds
✔✔Two spray boom aspects that influence turbulence at the nozzles - ✔✔1. Position of
boom
2. Cross sectional shape of boom
✔✔What spray boom position is free from wing generated turbulence - ✔✔Well below
and even with the trailing edge of wing
✔✔What cross sectional shape is least desirable - ✔✔Cylindrical
✔✔How does boom length affect fixed wing spraying performance - ✔✔If nozzles are
too close to wing tip they spray can get caught in a vortex resulting in smaller droplets
and drift
✔✔How to prevent cone shaped nozzles from emitting drift sized droplets -
✔✔Configure to produce coarse droplets which increases GPA or cone nozzles without
cores to maintain LV
