2025 SOC 202 Exam 1 Verified Questions & Answers University of Michigan
Sociology II Graded A+
sociology |- |answersthe |study |of |human |society
sociological |imagination |- |answersthe |ability |to |connect |the |most |basic, |intimate |aspects |of |an |
individual's |life |to |seemingly |impersonal |and |remote |historical |forces
social |institution |- |answersa |complex |group |of |interdependent |positions |that, |together, |perform |a |
social |role |and |reproduce |themselves |over |time; |also |defined |in |a |narrow |sense |as |any |institution |in |a
|society |that |works |to |shape |the |behavior |of |the |groups |or |people |within |it
Verstehen |- |answersGerman |for |"understanding"; |the |concept |comes |from |Max |Weber |and |is |the |
basis |of |interpretive |sociology |in |which |researchers |imagine |themselves |experiencing |the |life |positions
|of |the |social |actors |they |want |to |understand |rather |than |treating |those |people |as |objects |to |be |
examined
anomie |- |answersa |sense |of |aimlessness |or |despair |that |arises |when |we |can |no |longer |reasonably |
expect |life |to |be |predictable; |too |little |social |regulation; |normlessness
positivist |sociology |- |answersa |strain |within |sociology |that |believes |the |social |world |can |be |described |
and |predicted |by |certain |describable |relationships |(akin |to |a |social |physics)
double |consciousness |- |answersa |concept |conceived |by |W.E.B. |Du |Bois |to |describe |the |two |behavioral
|scripts, |one |for |moving |through |the |world |and |the |other |incorporating |the |external |opinions |of |
prejudiced |onlookers, |which |are |constantly |maintained |by |African |Americans
functionalism |- |answersthe |theory |that |various |social |institutions |and |processes |in |society |exist |to |
serve |some |important |function |to |keep |society |running
conflict |theory |- |answersthe |idea |that |conflict |between |competing |interests |is |the |basic, |animating |
force |of |social |change |and |society |in |general
symbolic |interactionism |- |answersa |micro-level |theory |in |which |shared |meanings, |orientations, |and |
assumptions |form |the |basic |motivations |behind |people's |actions
postmodernism |- |answersa |condition |characterized |by |a |questioning |of |the |notion |of |progress |and |
history, |the |replacement |of |narrative |within |pastiche, |and |multiple, |perhaps |even |conflicting, |
identities |resulting |from |disjointed |affiliations
social |construction |- |answersan |entity |that |exists |because |people |behave |as |if |it |exists |and |whose |
existence |is |perpetuated |as |people |and |social |institutions |act |in |accordance |with |the |widely |agreed-
upon |formal |rules |or |informal |norms |of |behavior |associated |with |that |entity
midrange |theory |- |answersa |theory |that |attempts |to |predict |how |certain |social |institutions |tend |to |
function
, microsociology |- |answersa |branch |of |sociology |that |seeks |to |understand |local |interactional |contexts; |
its |methods |of |choice |are |ethnographic, |generally |including |participant |observation |and |in-depth |
interviews
macrosociology |- |answersa |branch |of |sociology |generally |concerned |with |social |dynamics |at |a |higher |
level |of |analysis- |that |is, |across |the |breadth |of |a |society
research |methods |- |answersapproaches |that |social |scientists |use |for |investigating |the |answers |to |
questions
quantitative |methods |- |answersmethods |that |seek |to |obtain |information |about |the |social |world |that |
is |already |in |or |can |be |converted |to |numeric |form
qualitative |methods |- |answersmethods |that |attempt |to |collect |information |about |the |social |world |
that |is |already |in |or |can |be |converted |to |numeric |form
qualitative |methods |- |answersmethods |that |attempt |to |collect |information |about |the |social |world |
that |cannot |be |readily |converted |to |numeric |form
deductive |approach |- |answersa |research |approach |that |starts |with |a |theory, |forms |a |hypothesis, |
makes |empirical |observations, |and |then |analyzes |the |data |to |confirm, |reject, |or |modify |the |original |
theory
inductive |approach |- |answersa |research |approach |that |starts |with |empirical |observations |and |then |
works |to |form |a |theory
correlation |(association) |- |answerssimultaneous |variation |in |two |variables
causality |- |answersthe |notion |that |a |change |in |one |factor |results |in |a |corresponding |change |in |
another
reverse |causality |- |answersa |situation |in |which |the |researcher |believes |that |A |results |in |a |change |in |B,
|but |B, |in |fact, |is |causing |A
dependent |variable |- |answersthe |outcome |that |the |researcher |is |trying |to |explain
independent |variable |- |answersa |measured |factor |that |the |researcher |believes |has |a |casual |impact |on
|the |dependent |variable
hypothesis |- |answersa |proposed |relationship |between |two |variables
operationalization |- |answersthe |process |of |assigning |a |precise |method |for |measuring |a |term |being |
examined |for |use |in |a |particular |study
validity |- |answersthe |extent |to |which |an |instrument |measures |what |it |is |intended |to |measure
reliability |- |answersthe |likelihood |of |obtaining |consistent |results |using |the |same |measure
generalizability |- |answersthe |extent |to |which |we |can |claim |our |findings |inform |us |about |a |group |
larger |than |the |one |we |studied
reflexivity |- |answersanalyzing |and |critically |considering |our |own |role |in, |and |effect |on, |our |research
Sociology II Graded A+
sociology |- |answersthe |study |of |human |society
sociological |imagination |- |answersthe |ability |to |connect |the |most |basic, |intimate |aspects |of |an |
individual's |life |to |seemingly |impersonal |and |remote |historical |forces
social |institution |- |answersa |complex |group |of |interdependent |positions |that, |together, |perform |a |
social |role |and |reproduce |themselves |over |time; |also |defined |in |a |narrow |sense |as |any |institution |in |a
|society |that |works |to |shape |the |behavior |of |the |groups |or |people |within |it
Verstehen |- |answersGerman |for |"understanding"; |the |concept |comes |from |Max |Weber |and |is |the |
basis |of |interpretive |sociology |in |which |researchers |imagine |themselves |experiencing |the |life |positions
|of |the |social |actors |they |want |to |understand |rather |than |treating |those |people |as |objects |to |be |
examined
anomie |- |answersa |sense |of |aimlessness |or |despair |that |arises |when |we |can |no |longer |reasonably |
expect |life |to |be |predictable; |too |little |social |regulation; |normlessness
positivist |sociology |- |answersa |strain |within |sociology |that |believes |the |social |world |can |be |described |
and |predicted |by |certain |describable |relationships |(akin |to |a |social |physics)
double |consciousness |- |answersa |concept |conceived |by |W.E.B. |Du |Bois |to |describe |the |two |behavioral
|scripts, |one |for |moving |through |the |world |and |the |other |incorporating |the |external |opinions |of |
prejudiced |onlookers, |which |are |constantly |maintained |by |African |Americans
functionalism |- |answersthe |theory |that |various |social |institutions |and |processes |in |society |exist |to |
serve |some |important |function |to |keep |society |running
conflict |theory |- |answersthe |idea |that |conflict |between |competing |interests |is |the |basic, |animating |
force |of |social |change |and |society |in |general
symbolic |interactionism |- |answersa |micro-level |theory |in |which |shared |meanings, |orientations, |and |
assumptions |form |the |basic |motivations |behind |people's |actions
postmodernism |- |answersa |condition |characterized |by |a |questioning |of |the |notion |of |progress |and |
history, |the |replacement |of |narrative |within |pastiche, |and |multiple, |perhaps |even |conflicting, |
identities |resulting |from |disjointed |affiliations
social |construction |- |answersan |entity |that |exists |because |people |behave |as |if |it |exists |and |whose |
existence |is |perpetuated |as |people |and |social |institutions |act |in |accordance |with |the |widely |agreed-
upon |formal |rules |or |informal |norms |of |behavior |associated |with |that |entity
midrange |theory |- |answersa |theory |that |attempts |to |predict |how |certain |social |institutions |tend |to |
function
, microsociology |- |answersa |branch |of |sociology |that |seeks |to |understand |local |interactional |contexts; |
its |methods |of |choice |are |ethnographic, |generally |including |participant |observation |and |in-depth |
interviews
macrosociology |- |answersa |branch |of |sociology |generally |concerned |with |social |dynamics |at |a |higher |
level |of |analysis- |that |is, |across |the |breadth |of |a |society
research |methods |- |answersapproaches |that |social |scientists |use |for |investigating |the |answers |to |
questions
quantitative |methods |- |answersmethods |that |seek |to |obtain |information |about |the |social |world |that |
is |already |in |or |can |be |converted |to |numeric |form
qualitative |methods |- |answersmethods |that |attempt |to |collect |information |about |the |social |world |
that |is |already |in |or |can |be |converted |to |numeric |form
qualitative |methods |- |answersmethods |that |attempt |to |collect |information |about |the |social |world |
that |cannot |be |readily |converted |to |numeric |form
deductive |approach |- |answersa |research |approach |that |starts |with |a |theory, |forms |a |hypothesis, |
makes |empirical |observations, |and |then |analyzes |the |data |to |confirm, |reject, |or |modify |the |original |
theory
inductive |approach |- |answersa |research |approach |that |starts |with |empirical |observations |and |then |
works |to |form |a |theory
correlation |(association) |- |answerssimultaneous |variation |in |two |variables
causality |- |answersthe |notion |that |a |change |in |one |factor |results |in |a |corresponding |change |in |
another
reverse |causality |- |answersa |situation |in |which |the |researcher |believes |that |A |results |in |a |change |in |B,
|but |B, |in |fact, |is |causing |A
dependent |variable |- |answersthe |outcome |that |the |researcher |is |trying |to |explain
independent |variable |- |answersa |measured |factor |that |the |researcher |believes |has |a |casual |impact |on
|the |dependent |variable
hypothesis |- |answersa |proposed |relationship |between |two |variables
operationalization |- |answersthe |process |of |assigning |a |precise |method |for |measuring |a |term |being |
examined |for |use |in |a |particular |study
validity |- |answersthe |extent |to |which |an |instrument |measures |what |it |is |intended |to |measure
reliability |- |answersthe |likelihood |of |obtaining |consistent |results |using |the |same |measure
generalizability |- |answersthe |extent |to |which |we |can |claim |our |findings |inform |us |about |a |group |
larger |than |the |one |we |studied
reflexivity |- |answersanalyzing |and |critically |considering |our |own |role |in, |and |effect |on, |our |research
