PSY 130 FINAL 2025 QUESTIONS| WITH
ALREADY SOLVED CORRECTLY
ANSWERS!! | ASSURED SUCCESS
Describe two of the nine dimensions of temperament identified by Thomas and
Chess in their longitudinal study. For each dimension, describe what it means for a
child to be high or low on that dimension. - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔•Approach/
withdrawal: How comfortable is the child to novelty?
o High: Enjoy new experiences/ not afraid of taking risks
o Low: Do not like new activities/ Frightened by new experiences and people
•Intensity: How strong are the child's emotional reactions?
o High intensity: Exhibit highs and lows of emotions cry when toy is taken away/
very loud and expressive when excited
o Low Intensity: Subdued reactions smile quietly at a toy or movie/ whimper softly
when sad
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,What did Thomas and Chess mean by "Goodness of fit"? How does goodness of fit
impact children's long-term outcomes? Provide one example to support your
answer. - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔• Goodness of fit: Child and parenting behavior works
together (If parents work with children = positive outcome/ Parents does not work
with children = negative outcome)
• Long term easy = pos outcomes, difficult = more neg outcomes
• If parents work against temperament, child will have less emotional regulation.
(Ex: Difficult children need consistent parenting)
Although Thomas and Chess's study on temperament has had a very strong impact
on the field of child development, people have raised concerns about how the study
was conducted. Describe one of the methodological concerns that has been raised.
How might this have affected the results of the study? Be specific! How have more
recent studies avoided this problem? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔•Halo effects
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY 2
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,•Same interviewer followed the same family throughout the duration of the study
(prolonged time w/ the family could have led to colored questions/ interpretations
of parents answers may have made temperament look more consistent than it was)
• This is avoided by having the interviews taped and coded by an RA and more
specific questions asked for prenatal reports.
Infant attachment is typically tested using the Strange Situation procedure.
Describe the basics of this procedure, as well as how secure, insecure-avoidant,
and insecure-resistant infants respond. - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔• Strange situation Used to
see how 1-2 year olds react when separated from their mother and stranger is
introduced (tests attachment)
• Secure Child explores room while mom is there. Mom leaves, child is distressed
(cries), mom returns, child happily greets mom and child can be soothed
• Insecure-avoidant Mom leaves, child shows little distress, mom returns, child
avoids contact with mom. Shows more positive behavior with the stranger.
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY 3
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, • Insecure-resistant mom leaves, child is very distressed, mom returns, child is still
distressed/ might be angry at mom and cannot be soothed
Recent studies have tested parents using the Adult Attachment Interview and then
tested their infants using the Strange Situation. Describe the Adult Attachment
Interview. How does a parent's classification on the Adult Attachment Interview
relate to their infant's attachment in the Strange Situation? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔• The
adult attachment interview gathers information from the adult to see the
relationships they had with their parents. This assesses adult's internal workings
models of relationships.
• This would then predict the attachment category of the next generation.
What is "self concept"? What are children's early self concepts like? Describe one
factor that influences the formation of early self concepts. - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔• Self-
concept personal definition of self
• Early self-concepts include categories (age/sex), physical attributes (eye color),
physical attributes (run fast), & possessions (I have a cat!)
• One factor that influences the formation of early self-concepts is from parent's
co-narration of experiences.
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY 4
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
ALREADY SOLVED CORRECTLY
ANSWERS!! | ASSURED SUCCESS
Describe two of the nine dimensions of temperament identified by Thomas and
Chess in their longitudinal study. For each dimension, describe what it means for a
child to be high or low on that dimension. - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔•Approach/
withdrawal: How comfortable is the child to novelty?
o High: Enjoy new experiences/ not afraid of taking risks
o Low: Do not like new activities/ Frightened by new experiences and people
•Intensity: How strong are the child's emotional reactions?
o High intensity: Exhibit highs and lows of emotions cry when toy is taken away/
very loud and expressive when excited
o Low Intensity: Subdued reactions smile quietly at a toy or movie/ whimper softly
when sad
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY 1
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,What did Thomas and Chess mean by "Goodness of fit"? How does goodness of fit
impact children's long-term outcomes? Provide one example to support your
answer. - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔• Goodness of fit: Child and parenting behavior works
together (If parents work with children = positive outcome/ Parents does not work
with children = negative outcome)
• Long term easy = pos outcomes, difficult = more neg outcomes
• If parents work against temperament, child will have less emotional regulation.
(Ex: Difficult children need consistent parenting)
Although Thomas and Chess's study on temperament has had a very strong impact
on the field of child development, people have raised concerns about how the study
was conducted. Describe one of the methodological concerns that has been raised.
How might this have affected the results of the study? Be specific! How have more
recent studies avoided this problem? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔•Halo effects
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY 2
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,•Same interviewer followed the same family throughout the duration of the study
(prolonged time w/ the family could have led to colored questions/ interpretations
of parents answers may have made temperament look more consistent than it was)
• This is avoided by having the interviews taped and coded by an RA and more
specific questions asked for prenatal reports.
Infant attachment is typically tested using the Strange Situation procedure.
Describe the basics of this procedure, as well as how secure, insecure-avoidant,
and insecure-resistant infants respond. - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔• Strange situation Used to
see how 1-2 year olds react when separated from their mother and stranger is
introduced (tests attachment)
• Secure Child explores room while mom is there. Mom leaves, child is distressed
(cries), mom returns, child happily greets mom and child can be soothed
• Insecure-avoidant Mom leaves, child shows little distress, mom returns, child
avoids contact with mom. Shows more positive behavior with the stranger.
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY 3
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, • Insecure-resistant mom leaves, child is very distressed, mom returns, child is still
distressed/ might be angry at mom and cannot be soothed
Recent studies have tested parents using the Adult Attachment Interview and then
tested their infants using the Strange Situation. Describe the Adult Attachment
Interview. How does a parent's classification on the Adult Attachment Interview
relate to their infant's attachment in the Strange Situation? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔• The
adult attachment interview gathers information from the adult to see the
relationships they had with their parents. This assesses adult's internal workings
models of relationships.
• This would then predict the attachment category of the next generation.
What is "self concept"? What are children's early self concepts like? Describe one
factor that influences the formation of early self concepts. - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔• Self-
concept personal definition of self
• Early self-concepts include categories (age/sex), physical attributes (eye color),
physical attributes (run fast), & possessions (I have a cat!)
• One factor that influences the formation of early self-concepts is from parent's
co-narration of experiences.
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY 4
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
