NSG 1700 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM
EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) PLUS
RATIONALES 2025 GALEN COLLEGE OF
NURSING
1. Which type of cellular adaptation occurs when a cell decreases in size
due to decreased workload?
a. Hyperplasia
b. Metaplasia
c. Atrophy
d. Hypertrophy
Atrophy is the decrease in cell size due to reduced functional demand or
nutrient supply.
2. Which term best describes the process of programmed cell death?
a. Necrosis
b. Inflammation
,c. Apoptosis
d. Phagocytosis
Apoptosis is a regulated process of cell death that occurs without
inflammation.
3. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely in a patient with chronic renal
failure?
a. Hypokalemia
b. Hyperkalemia
c. Hypocalcemia
d. Hypernatremia
Kidneys can't excrete potassium efficiently in chronic renal failure, leading
to hyperkalemia.
4. What causes the redness and heat in inflammation?
a. Phagocyte migration
b. Vasodilation
c. Capillary occlusion
d. Increased tissue pressure
Vasodilation increases blood flow to the affected area, causing redness
and warmth.
5. Which condition is associated with Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
a. Rheumatoid arthritis
b. Type 1 diabetes
c. Asthma
,d. Tuberculosis
Asthma is triggered by allergens causing an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity
reaction.
6. Which organ regulates acid-base balance by excreting hydrogen ions and
reabsorbing bicarbonate?
a. Liver
b. Kidney
c. Lung
d. Pancreas
The kidneys maintain long-term acid-base balance through H+ and HCO3-
regulation.
7. Which type of necrosis is typical in myocardial infarction?
a. Caseous
b. Coagulative
c. Fat
d. Liquefactive
Coagulative necrosis results from ischemia and is common in infarcts.
8. What is the primary function of the inflammatory response?
a. Prevent antibody production
b. Reduce oxygen demand
c. Eliminate the initial cause of cell injury
d. Promote clotting
Inflammation aims to remove the cause of injury and initiate healing.
, 9. Which condition is a common complication of prolonged immobility?
a. Metaplasia
b. Pressure ulcer
c. Rheumatoid arthritis
d. Diabetic neuropathy
Pressure ulcers develop due to prolonged pressure and decreased blood
flow to tissues.
10. What is the key characteristic of benign tumors?
a. Rapid metastasis
b. Poorly differentiated cells
c. Infiltrative growth
d. Encapsulated and localized
Benign tumors are usually well-circumscribed and do not invade other
tissues.
11. Which of the following is a common sign of left-sided heart failure?
a. Pulmonary edema
b. Peripheral edema
c. Jugular vein distension
d. Hepatomegaly
Left-sided heart failure leads to fluid backup in the lungs, causing
pulmonary congestion.
EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) PLUS
RATIONALES 2025 GALEN COLLEGE OF
NURSING
1. Which type of cellular adaptation occurs when a cell decreases in size
due to decreased workload?
a. Hyperplasia
b. Metaplasia
c. Atrophy
d. Hypertrophy
Atrophy is the decrease in cell size due to reduced functional demand or
nutrient supply.
2. Which term best describes the process of programmed cell death?
a. Necrosis
b. Inflammation
,c. Apoptosis
d. Phagocytosis
Apoptosis is a regulated process of cell death that occurs without
inflammation.
3. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely in a patient with chronic renal
failure?
a. Hypokalemia
b. Hyperkalemia
c. Hypocalcemia
d. Hypernatremia
Kidneys can't excrete potassium efficiently in chronic renal failure, leading
to hyperkalemia.
4. What causes the redness and heat in inflammation?
a. Phagocyte migration
b. Vasodilation
c. Capillary occlusion
d. Increased tissue pressure
Vasodilation increases blood flow to the affected area, causing redness
and warmth.
5. Which condition is associated with Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
a. Rheumatoid arthritis
b. Type 1 diabetes
c. Asthma
,d. Tuberculosis
Asthma is triggered by allergens causing an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity
reaction.
6. Which organ regulates acid-base balance by excreting hydrogen ions and
reabsorbing bicarbonate?
a. Liver
b. Kidney
c. Lung
d. Pancreas
The kidneys maintain long-term acid-base balance through H+ and HCO3-
regulation.
7. Which type of necrosis is typical in myocardial infarction?
a. Caseous
b. Coagulative
c. Fat
d. Liquefactive
Coagulative necrosis results from ischemia and is common in infarcts.
8. What is the primary function of the inflammatory response?
a. Prevent antibody production
b. Reduce oxygen demand
c. Eliminate the initial cause of cell injury
d. Promote clotting
Inflammation aims to remove the cause of injury and initiate healing.
, 9. Which condition is a common complication of prolonged immobility?
a. Metaplasia
b. Pressure ulcer
c. Rheumatoid arthritis
d. Diabetic neuropathy
Pressure ulcers develop due to prolonged pressure and decreased blood
flow to tissues.
10. What is the key characteristic of benign tumors?
a. Rapid metastasis
b. Poorly differentiated cells
c. Infiltrative growth
d. Encapsulated and localized
Benign tumors are usually well-circumscribed and do not invade other
tissues.
11. Which of the following is a common sign of left-sided heart failure?
a. Pulmonary edema
b. Peripheral edema
c. Jugular vein distension
d. Hepatomegaly
Left-sided heart failure leads to fluid backup in the lungs, causing
pulmonary congestion.
