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Summary Carbonyl Compounds: Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids & Esters – A-Level/IB Chemistry Notes

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This document provides detailed A-Level/IB Chemistry notes on carbonyl compounds, including aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters, covering their properties, reactions, and key laboratory tests. Key Topics Covered: Carbonyl Compounds (Aldehydes & Ketones): Nucleophilic Addition Reactions (e.g., with HCN to form hydroxynitriles). Chemical Tests: 2,4-DNP Test – Forms a yellow/orange precipitate to confirm carbonyl presence. Tollens’ Reagent – Distinguishes aldehydes (forms silver mirror) from ketones (no reaction). Carboxylic Acids & Esters: Reactions: With metals, carbonates, and alcohols (esterification). Ester Formation: Condensation reaction (carboxylic acid + alcohol → ester + water). Hydrolysis of Esters: Acidic vs. alkaline conditions (saponification with NaOH). Acyl Chlorides: Preparation: From carboxylic acids using SOCl₂. Reactions: Hydrolysis (forms carboxylic acid + HCl), ester formation (with alcohols/phenols). Why This Document is Useful: Exam-Focused – Covers essential reaction mechanisms and practical tests for A-Level/IB. Clear Diagrams & Equations – Helps visualize nucleophilic addition and esterification. Lab Techniques – Includes melting point analysis for carbonyl derivatives. Real-World Applications – Ester synthesis (perfumes, flavorings) and acyl chloride reactivity. Perfect for students revising carbonyl chemistry or teachers seeking structured notes!

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6.1.2 Carbonyl Compounds


Ketone E
Ride R Y
Aldehyde




R
É oh Carborghitad R É O R Ester


Reactions Carbonyl Compounds
og

Aldehyde Io Is 3 carboxylicAcid Heo


Carbonyl In Alcohol OH




ff É
at of of it
it ft at

O
Nucleophilic Addition Reaction

Nacht s
Carbonyl HCN s Hydsongnitite



q.at
H É É É it it É É c it it É É ÉH
H HC n
H H dn I I in

Addition Reaction
Nucleophilic

, Retires
Testing go Aldehydes and

ketone
2 4 DNP Detects the presence
of
an aldehyde or

as aldehyde or
ketene
ispresentan orange precipitate willgerm
Ig
The Identity the compound canthen be obtained the melting
og bymeasuring
the complex structuregamed
pointog

Filter the orange crystal
Budworth s Dissolve in the min amount
og
bat solvent


have to cool and to recrystallize




É Filterusing Buchner Funnel Wash withcold solvent

name me some armament
bae

been
to dry



Toller's Reagent Distinguishes
between
Aldehyde and Retire

Aldehyde is present silver mirror willgam
Ig Aldehyde is credit to gam carboxylic acid

Silver ions reduce togem silveratoms Aging Age t e




6 13 Carboxylic Acids and Estes


CarberghiAcids R É OH
soluble in water
as their gundint group is paler
and
CarboxylicAcids are can
form
hydrogen
bonds with the water molecules
Skater chain cordonylic acids are

less soluble as the molecule is less polar



Reactions Carboxylic Acids
og

CorderglieAid MetalOxide Metal salt Water

leak salt

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