WGU C168 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
2025/2026 GRADED A+
✔✔red herring fallacy - ✔✔Introducing an irrelevant point or topic to divert attention from
the issue at hand.
✔✔Activated Knowledge - ✔✔Truthful information that is employed to pursue more
knowledge and/or is acted upon.
✔✔Appeal to experience fallacy - ✔✔Claiming to speak with the "voice of experience" in
support of an argument (even when that experience may not be relevant)
✔✔Evading questions fallacy - ✔✔Avoiding direct and truthful answers to difficult
questions through diversionary tactics, vagueness, or deliberately confusing or complex
responses.
✔✔Attacking evidence fallacy - ✔✔Seeking to falsely discredit the underlying evidence
for an argument and thereby questioning its validity.
✔✔straw man fallacy - ✔✔Distorting or exaggerating an opponent's argument so that it
might be more easily attacked.
✔✔Two wrongs make a right fallacy - ✔✔Defending or justifying our wrong position or
conduct by pointing to a similar wrong done by someone else.
✔✔appeal to authority fallacy - ✔✔To justify support for a position by citing an
esteemed or well-known figure who supports it.
✔✔Activated Ignorance - ✔✔False information that is mistakenly believed to be true and
acted upon.
✔✔Denying inconsistencies fallacy - ✔✔Refusing to admit contradictions or
inconsistencies when making an argument or defending a position.
✔✔Either/or fallacy - ✔✔Assuming only two alternatives when, in reality, there are more
than two.
✔✔ad hominem fallacy - ✔✔Dismissing an argument by attacking the person who offers
it rather than by refuting its reasoning.
✔✔Appeal to fear fallacy - ✔✔Citing a threat or possibility of a frightening outcome as
the reason for supporting an argument.
, ✔✔Search for perfect solution fallacy - ✔✔Asserting that a solution (or argument) is not
worth adopting because it does not fix the problem completely.
✔✔Slippery slope fallacy - ✔✔To suggest that a step or action, once taken, will lead
inevitably to similar steps or actions with presumably undesirable consequences.
✔✔Thrown-in statistics fallacy - ✔✔The use of irrelevant, misleading, or questionable
statistics to support an argument or defend a position.
✔✔Treating abstracts as reality fallacy - ✔✔Citing abstract concepts (freedom, justice,
science) to support an argument or to call for action.
✔✔Analogy - ✔✔Inference that if 2 things are alike in one respect, they will be alike in
other respects
✔✔intuition - ✔✔An instinctive "knowing" (e.g., a hunch or gut feeling) that does not
derive from a rational intellectual process
✔✔Evidence - ✔✔Information that is provided to support the dependability of a factual
claim
✔✔Rival Cause - ✔✔A plausible alternative explanation for why a certain outcome
happened
✔✔Qualitative Evidence - ✔✔Evidence that describes an observation or phenomenon
and communicates its meaning
✔✔Factual Claims - ✔✔Beliefs about the way the world is, was, or will be whose
credibility depends on the quality of evidence offered to support them
✔✔Empirical - ✔✔Based on or derived from practical experiment and direct observation
✔✔Faulty Analogy - ✔✔An analogy in which there are important relevant dissimilarities
between 2 things being compared
✔✔Neglect of a Common Cause - ✔✔The failure to recognize that 2 events may be
related through the effects of a common third factor
✔✔Research sampling - ✔✔The process of selecting events or people to study
✔✔Survey - ✔✔A research method or instrument for measuring people's attitudes or
beliefs
2025/2026 GRADED A+
✔✔red herring fallacy - ✔✔Introducing an irrelevant point or topic to divert attention from
the issue at hand.
✔✔Activated Knowledge - ✔✔Truthful information that is employed to pursue more
knowledge and/or is acted upon.
✔✔Appeal to experience fallacy - ✔✔Claiming to speak with the "voice of experience" in
support of an argument (even when that experience may not be relevant)
✔✔Evading questions fallacy - ✔✔Avoiding direct and truthful answers to difficult
questions through diversionary tactics, vagueness, or deliberately confusing or complex
responses.
✔✔Attacking evidence fallacy - ✔✔Seeking to falsely discredit the underlying evidence
for an argument and thereby questioning its validity.
✔✔straw man fallacy - ✔✔Distorting or exaggerating an opponent's argument so that it
might be more easily attacked.
✔✔Two wrongs make a right fallacy - ✔✔Defending or justifying our wrong position or
conduct by pointing to a similar wrong done by someone else.
✔✔appeal to authority fallacy - ✔✔To justify support for a position by citing an
esteemed or well-known figure who supports it.
✔✔Activated Ignorance - ✔✔False information that is mistakenly believed to be true and
acted upon.
✔✔Denying inconsistencies fallacy - ✔✔Refusing to admit contradictions or
inconsistencies when making an argument or defending a position.
✔✔Either/or fallacy - ✔✔Assuming only two alternatives when, in reality, there are more
than two.
✔✔ad hominem fallacy - ✔✔Dismissing an argument by attacking the person who offers
it rather than by refuting its reasoning.
✔✔Appeal to fear fallacy - ✔✔Citing a threat or possibility of a frightening outcome as
the reason for supporting an argument.
, ✔✔Search for perfect solution fallacy - ✔✔Asserting that a solution (or argument) is not
worth adopting because it does not fix the problem completely.
✔✔Slippery slope fallacy - ✔✔To suggest that a step or action, once taken, will lead
inevitably to similar steps or actions with presumably undesirable consequences.
✔✔Thrown-in statistics fallacy - ✔✔The use of irrelevant, misleading, or questionable
statistics to support an argument or defend a position.
✔✔Treating abstracts as reality fallacy - ✔✔Citing abstract concepts (freedom, justice,
science) to support an argument or to call for action.
✔✔Analogy - ✔✔Inference that if 2 things are alike in one respect, they will be alike in
other respects
✔✔intuition - ✔✔An instinctive "knowing" (e.g., a hunch or gut feeling) that does not
derive from a rational intellectual process
✔✔Evidence - ✔✔Information that is provided to support the dependability of a factual
claim
✔✔Rival Cause - ✔✔A plausible alternative explanation for why a certain outcome
happened
✔✔Qualitative Evidence - ✔✔Evidence that describes an observation or phenomenon
and communicates its meaning
✔✔Factual Claims - ✔✔Beliefs about the way the world is, was, or will be whose
credibility depends on the quality of evidence offered to support them
✔✔Empirical - ✔✔Based on or derived from practical experiment and direct observation
✔✔Faulty Analogy - ✔✔An analogy in which there are important relevant dissimilarities
between 2 things being compared
✔✔Neglect of a Common Cause - ✔✔The failure to recognize that 2 events may be
related through the effects of a common third factor
✔✔Research sampling - ✔✔The process of selecting events or people to study
✔✔Survey - ✔✔A research method or instrument for measuring people's attitudes or
beliefs
