PLTW MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS EVALUATION EXAMS
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS 2025/2026 RATED A+
✔✔Sulfa antibiotics (Sulfonamids) - ✔✔Inhibit the making of folate, which is an essential
nutrient. Does not hurt humans because we consume folate, but bacteria must
manufacture it.
Resistance: Enzyme changes
✔✔Meningitis (Positive or negative) - ✔✔Gram-Negative
✔✔What are we doing to help bacteria become resistant to antibiotics? - ✔✔Not taking
medicines to completion-- chance to mutate
Feeding antibiotics to farm animals to increase growth-- chance to mutate
✔✔Mutation - ✔✔DNA mutates, creating a change in the gene product (Form of
resistance to antibiotics)
✔✔Destruction/Inactivation - ✔✔Exchange enzymes that chemically degrade the
antibiotic (Form of resistance to antibiotics)
✔✔Efflux - ✔✔Efflux pump actively transports antibiotic out of cell before it can cause
harm (Form of resistance to antibiotics)
✔✔Conjugation - ✔✔Plasmid carrying resistance is transferred from one cell to another
using a pilus bridge (Form of sharing resistance)
✔✔Transformation - ✔✔DNA is transferred as "naked" DNA-- The cell dies, cell wall
deteriorates, and living bacteria take DNA (Form of sharing resistance)
✔✔Transduction - ✔✔Bacteria is transferred through viruses that effect bacteria
(bacteria-phages)
✔✔Frequency - ✔✔How often the waves occur. Effects pitch (more waves, higher pitch)
✔✔Amplitude - ✔✔How large waves are (how much air they displace, larger
waves=louder sound)
✔✔Sound - ✔✔Mechanical energy that is transmitted by longitudinal pressure waves in
a medium (such as water or air)
✔✔Pinna - ✔✔Helps to collect sound waves and rather poorly directs them to the
external auditory canal.
, ✔✔Auditory Canal - ✔✔Sound waves are funneled through the tube and are amplified
in the process. It has a natural acidity that protects against infection. Ear wax is
produced to keep the ear from drying out and to ward off insects.
✔✔Eustuchian Tube - ✔✔Equalizes pressure inside and outside of the tympanic
membrane and allows for the drainage of normal and diseased middle ear secretions
✔✔Ossicles - ✔✔Form the mechanical links between the tympanic membrane and the
inner ear. They deliver sound vibrations to the inner ear and amplify sound.
✔✔Tympanic Membrane - ✔✔Sound waves hit it and cause it to vibrate, transferring the
sound wave into vibrations.
✔✔Cochlea - ✔✔Transfers stimulus from the outside environment into nerve impulses
for the brain
✔✔Sensory Hair Cells - ✔✔Vibrate inside of the cochlea generating the nerve signals
✔✔Cochlear Nerve - ✔✔Part of the auditory nerve. Controls hearing
✔✔Oval Window - ✔✔Connects middle ear with the upper half of the cochlea. Transfers
vibrations.
✔✔Vestibule - ✔✔Connects the cochlea and the semicircular canals
✔✔Vestibular Nerve - ✔✔Part of the auditory nerve. Controls balance
✔✔Inner Ear - ✔✔The essential part of the vertebrate organ of hearing and equilibrium
that includes the vestibule, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea.
✔✔Middle Ear - ✔✔The intermediate portion of the ear containing a chain of three
ossicles that extends from the tympanic membrane to the oval window and transmits
vibrations to the inner ear
✔✔Outer Ear - ✔✔The outer visible portion of the ear that collects and directs sound
waves toward the tympanic membrane by way of a canal which extends inward through
the temporal bone
✔✔Sensorineural Hearing Loss - ✔✔Hearing loss or impairment resulting from
problems with the auditory nerves
✔✔Conductive Hearing Loss - ✔✔Hearing loss or impairment resulting from
interference with the transmission of sound waves to the cochlea.
Signified with <>
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS 2025/2026 RATED A+
✔✔Sulfa antibiotics (Sulfonamids) - ✔✔Inhibit the making of folate, which is an essential
nutrient. Does not hurt humans because we consume folate, but bacteria must
manufacture it.
Resistance: Enzyme changes
✔✔Meningitis (Positive or negative) - ✔✔Gram-Negative
✔✔What are we doing to help bacteria become resistant to antibiotics? - ✔✔Not taking
medicines to completion-- chance to mutate
Feeding antibiotics to farm animals to increase growth-- chance to mutate
✔✔Mutation - ✔✔DNA mutates, creating a change in the gene product (Form of
resistance to antibiotics)
✔✔Destruction/Inactivation - ✔✔Exchange enzymes that chemically degrade the
antibiotic (Form of resistance to antibiotics)
✔✔Efflux - ✔✔Efflux pump actively transports antibiotic out of cell before it can cause
harm (Form of resistance to antibiotics)
✔✔Conjugation - ✔✔Plasmid carrying resistance is transferred from one cell to another
using a pilus bridge (Form of sharing resistance)
✔✔Transformation - ✔✔DNA is transferred as "naked" DNA-- The cell dies, cell wall
deteriorates, and living bacteria take DNA (Form of sharing resistance)
✔✔Transduction - ✔✔Bacteria is transferred through viruses that effect bacteria
(bacteria-phages)
✔✔Frequency - ✔✔How often the waves occur. Effects pitch (more waves, higher pitch)
✔✔Amplitude - ✔✔How large waves are (how much air they displace, larger
waves=louder sound)
✔✔Sound - ✔✔Mechanical energy that is transmitted by longitudinal pressure waves in
a medium (such as water or air)
✔✔Pinna - ✔✔Helps to collect sound waves and rather poorly directs them to the
external auditory canal.
, ✔✔Auditory Canal - ✔✔Sound waves are funneled through the tube and are amplified
in the process. It has a natural acidity that protects against infection. Ear wax is
produced to keep the ear from drying out and to ward off insects.
✔✔Eustuchian Tube - ✔✔Equalizes pressure inside and outside of the tympanic
membrane and allows for the drainage of normal and diseased middle ear secretions
✔✔Ossicles - ✔✔Form the mechanical links between the tympanic membrane and the
inner ear. They deliver sound vibrations to the inner ear and amplify sound.
✔✔Tympanic Membrane - ✔✔Sound waves hit it and cause it to vibrate, transferring the
sound wave into vibrations.
✔✔Cochlea - ✔✔Transfers stimulus from the outside environment into nerve impulses
for the brain
✔✔Sensory Hair Cells - ✔✔Vibrate inside of the cochlea generating the nerve signals
✔✔Cochlear Nerve - ✔✔Part of the auditory nerve. Controls hearing
✔✔Oval Window - ✔✔Connects middle ear with the upper half of the cochlea. Transfers
vibrations.
✔✔Vestibule - ✔✔Connects the cochlea and the semicircular canals
✔✔Vestibular Nerve - ✔✔Part of the auditory nerve. Controls balance
✔✔Inner Ear - ✔✔The essential part of the vertebrate organ of hearing and equilibrium
that includes the vestibule, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea.
✔✔Middle Ear - ✔✔The intermediate portion of the ear containing a chain of three
ossicles that extends from the tympanic membrane to the oval window and transmits
vibrations to the inner ear
✔✔Outer Ear - ✔✔The outer visible portion of the ear that collects and directs sound
waves toward the tympanic membrane by way of a canal which extends inward through
the temporal bone
✔✔Sensorineural Hearing Loss - ✔✔Hearing loss or impairment resulting from
problems with the auditory nerves
✔✔Conductive Hearing Loss - ✔✔Hearing loss or impairment resulting from
interference with the transmission of sound waves to the cochlea.
Signified with <>
