FTCE ESOL TEST LIST 2025
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Universal Grammar - ....ANSWER ...-Chomsky-no dialect or language is more
complex or sophisticated than the other. We are all born with the capacity to learn any
language w/o formal instruction
LAD - ....ANSWER ...-Language Aquisition Device
Generative Grammar - ....ANSWER ...-set of rules that could be used to produce
language
Deep Structure - ....ANSWER ...-our ideas, what we mean-derive meaning from
social context
Surface Structure - ....ANSWER ...-what we say or write-literal meaning of words
Natural Order Hypothesis - ....ANSWER ...-Krashen- grammatical structures
aquired in a predictable order, independent of the order grammar is taught
Stages of SLA - ....ANSWER ...-Krashen-Pre-production (silent period), early
production, speech emergence, intermediate fluency, advanced fluency
Monitor Hypothesis - ....ANSWER ...-Krashen-learning is a concious process and
used to monitor spoken or written output
....FOR STUDY PURPOSES...©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED... 1
,Input Hypothesis/Comprehensible Input - ....ANSWER ...-Krashen-i+1, language
input slightly above current level yields optimal growth
Affective Filter - ....ANSWER ...-Krashen-mental block can be produced by
negative factors such as anxiety, low motivation, self confidence
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - ....ANSWER ...-Vygotsky-distance
between developmental level and level of potential development. Area between
independent performance and assisted performance
Communicative Competence - ....ANSWER ...-learner's abiity to apply and use
grammatical uses, form correct utterances and know how and when to use them
appropriately
Language Interference - ....ANSWER ...-effect of L1 on production of L2
Negative Transfer - ....ANSWER ...-interference of previous learning inprocess of
learning something new
Interlanguage - ....ANSWER ...-language system "inbetween" L1 & L2 that
student develops while learning the L2 but is neither L1 or L2
SUP - ....ANSWER ...-Social underlying proficiency (conversational language)
CUP - ....ANSWER ...-Common underlying proficiency - commonalities between
L1 & L2, skills, ideas, concepts that students learn in L1 transfer to L2
BICS - ....ANSWER ...-Cummins-Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills -
social setting language skills
....FOR STUDY PURPOSES...©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED... 2
, CALP - ....ANSWER ...-Cummins-Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency -
languatge needed to acquire academic skills and concepts
Cummins Quadrant - ....ANSWER ...-A-cognitively undemanding/context
embedded; B-cognitively demanding/context embedded; C-cognitively
undemanding/context reduced; D-cognitively demanding/context reduced
Phoneme - ....ANSWER ...-class of speech sounds, ie. /t/
Allophone - ....ANSWER ...-one of a phones that make up a phoneme, ie. /t/ ->
[t], [th], [ſ]
Monothong - ....ANSWER ...-one part vowel
Diphthong - ....ANSWER ...-two part vowels consisting of a vowel and a glide in
same syllable
Reduced Vowel - ....ANSWER ...-occurs in unstressed word or syllable -schwa
most common
Phonology - ....ANSWER ...-organization of speech sounds
Homophone - ....ANSWER ...-two words pronounced the same but different
meaning, ie. carrot & carat
Homonym - ....ANSWER ...-two words spelled the same but that mean different
things, ie. left & left
Contrastive - ....ANSWER ...-change of meaning by replacing one sound
(phoneme) with another
....FOR STUDY PURPOSES...©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED... 3
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Universal Grammar - ....ANSWER ...-Chomsky-no dialect or language is more
complex or sophisticated than the other. We are all born with the capacity to learn any
language w/o formal instruction
LAD - ....ANSWER ...-Language Aquisition Device
Generative Grammar - ....ANSWER ...-set of rules that could be used to produce
language
Deep Structure - ....ANSWER ...-our ideas, what we mean-derive meaning from
social context
Surface Structure - ....ANSWER ...-what we say or write-literal meaning of words
Natural Order Hypothesis - ....ANSWER ...-Krashen- grammatical structures
aquired in a predictable order, independent of the order grammar is taught
Stages of SLA - ....ANSWER ...-Krashen-Pre-production (silent period), early
production, speech emergence, intermediate fluency, advanced fluency
Monitor Hypothesis - ....ANSWER ...-Krashen-learning is a concious process and
used to monitor spoken or written output
....FOR STUDY PURPOSES...©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED... 1
,Input Hypothesis/Comprehensible Input - ....ANSWER ...-Krashen-i+1, language
input slightly above current level yields optimal growth
Affective Filter - ....ANSWER ...-Krashen-mental block can be produced by
negative factors such as anxiety, low motivation, self confidence
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - ....ANSWER ...-Vygotsky-distance
between developmental level and level of potential development. Area between
independent performance and assisted performance
Communicative Competence - ....ANSWER ...-learner's abiity to apply and use
grammatical uses, form correct utterances and know how and when to use them
appropriately
Language Interference - ....ANSWER ...-effect of L1 on production of L2
Negative Transfer - ....ANSWER ...-interference of previous learning inprocess of
learning something new
Interlanguage - ....ANSWER ...-language system "inbetween" L1 & L2 that
student develops while learning the L2 but is neither L1 or L2
SUP - ....ANSWER ...-Social underlying proficiency (conversational language)
CUP - ....ANSWER ...-Common underlying proficiency - commonalities between
L1 & L2, skills, ideas, concepts that students learn in L1 transfer to L2
BICS - ....ANSWER ...-Cummins-Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills -
social setting language skills
....FOR STUDY PURPOSES...©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED... 2
, CALP - ....ANSWER ...-Cummins-Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency -
languatge needed to acquire academic skills and concepts
Cummins Quadrant - ....ANSWER ...-A-cognitively undemanding/context
embedded; B-cognitively demanding/context embedded; C-cognitively
undemanding/context reduced; D-cognitively demanding/context reduced
Phoneme - ....ANSWER ...-class of speech sounds, ie. /t/
Allophone - ....ANSWER ...-one of a phones that make up a phoneme, ie. /t/ ->
[t], [th], [ſ]
Monothong - ....ANSWER ...-one part vowel
Diphthong - ....ANSWER ...-two part vowels consisting of a vowel and a glide in
same syllable
Reduced Vowel - ....ANSWER ...-occurs in unstressed word or syllable -schwa
most common
Phonology - ....ANSWER ...-organization of speech sounds
Homophone - ....ANSWER ...-two words pronounced the same but different
meaning, ie. carrot & carat
Homonym - ....ANSWER ...-two words spelled the same but that mean different
things, ie. left & left
Contrastive - ....ANSWER ...-change of meaning by replacing one sound
(phoneme) with another
....FOR STUDY PURPOSES...©️2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED... 3
