NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam Review |COMPLETE
AND DETAILED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS|135 REAL EXAM QNA |
2025 LATEST UPDATED 100% RATED CORRECT | 100% VERFIED |
ALREADY GRADED A+|GUARANTEED TO PASS!!
How are cells specialized? - (answer)through the process of differentiation or maturation
What are the eight specialized cellular functions? - (answer)movement, conductivity, metabolic
absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and communication
What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell? - (answer)the plasma membrane,
the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
What causes the release of lysosomal enzemes? - (answer)Cellular injury causing cellular self-
digestion
What is the location and function of the nucleus? - (answer)the largest membrane-bound
organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief functions of the nucleus are cell
division and control of genetic information.
What is Cytoplasm? - (answer)an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space between the
nucleus and the plasma membrane.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? - (answer)a network of tubular
channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It specializes in the
synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most of the organelles
What is the Golgi complex and what does it do? - (answer)a network of smooth membranes and
vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and
packaging proteins into secretory vesicles
,What are lysosomes and what do they do? - (answer)saclike structures that originate from the
Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for digesting most
cellular substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
What are peroxisomes? - (answer)involved in the production and breakdown of hydrogen
peroxide
Importance of proteins in disease - (answer)The major workhorses of the cell, if misfolded they
can cause diseases
What are mitochondria responsible for? - (answer). Mitochondria contain the metabolic
machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism (Makes ATP).
What is the cytoskeleton? - (answer)the "bone and muscle" of the cell. The internal skeleton is
composed of a network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments
(microfilaments).
What is the plasma membrane? - (answer)encloses the cell and, by controlling the movement of
substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways
What is signal transduction? - (answer)The transfer of molecular signals from the exterior to the
interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs
What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? - (answer)protein homeostasis and is
defined by the proteostasis network. This network is composed of ribosomes (makers),
chaperones (helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems. Malfunction of these
systems is associated with disease.
What do protein receptors do? - (answer)on the plasma membrane, enable the cell to interact
with other cells and with extracellular substances
, What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? - (answer)(1) the extracellular membrane, (2)
cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3) specialized cell junctions.
What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do? - (answer)(1) fibrous structural
proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins, and (3) proteoglycans and hyaluronic
acid. The matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement, and differentiation.
How do cells communicate? - (answer)(1) they form protein channels (gap junctions); (2) they
display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical contact; and
(3) they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
How is intercellular signaling done? - (answer)contact-dependent, paracrine, hormonal,
neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
What is ATP? - (answer)Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active transport.
What is anabolism? - (answer)energy-using process of metabolism
What is catabolism? - (answer)the energy-releasing process of metabolism
What is passive transport? - (answer)The movement of materials across the cell membrane
without using cellular energy, water and small electrically uncharged molecules, done through
osmosis
What is oxidative phosphorylation? - (answer)occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism
by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP.
What is endocytosis and exocytosis? - (answer)Endo= into the cell (engulf). Exo= out of the cell
(excrete).
AND DETAILED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS|135 REAL EXAM QNA |
2025 LATEST UPDATED 100% RATED CORRECT | 100% VERFIED |
ALREADY GRADED A+|GUARANTEED TO PASS!!
How are cells specialized? - (answer)through the process of differentiation or maturation
What are the eight specialized cellular functions? - (answer)movement, conductivity, metabolic
absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and communication
What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell? - (answer)the plasma membrane,
the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
What causes the release of lysosomal enzemes? - (answer)Cellular injury causing cellular self-
digestion
What is the location and function of the nucleus? - (answer)the largest membrane-bound
organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief functions of the nucleus are cell
division and control of genetic information.
What is Cytoplasm? - (answer)an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space between the
nucleus and the plasma membrane.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? - (answer)a network of tubular
channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It specializes in the
synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most of the organelles
What is the Golgi complex and what does it do? - (answer)a network of smooth membranes and
vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and
packaging proteins into secretory vesicles
,What are lysosomes and what do they do? - (answer)saclike structures that originate from the
Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for digesting most
cellular substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
What are peroxisomes? - (answer)involved in the production and breakdown of hydrogen
peroxide
Importance of proteins in disease - (answer)The major workhorses of the cell, if misfolded they
can cause diseases
What are mitochondria responsible for? - (answer). Mitochondria contain the metabolic
machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism (Makes ATP).
What is the cytoskeleton? - (answer)the "bone and muscle" of the cell. The internal skeleton is
composed of a network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments
(microfilaments).
What is the plasma membrane? - (answer)encloses the cell and, by controlling the movement of
substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways
What is signal transduction? - (answer)The transfer of molecular signals from the exterior to the
interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs
What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? - (answer)protein homeostasis and is
defined by the proteostasis network. This network is composed of ribosomes (makers),
chaperones (helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems. Malfunction of these
systems is associated with disease.
What do protein receptors do? - (answer)on the plasma membrane, enable the cell to interact
with other cells and with extracellular substances
, What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? - (answer)(1) the extracellular membrane, (2)
cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3) specialized cell junctions.
What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do? - (answer)(1) fibrous structural
proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins, and (3) proteoglycans and hyaluronic
acid. The matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement, and differentiation.
How do cells communicate? - (answer)(1) they form protein channels (gap junctions); (2) they
display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical contact; and
(3) they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
How is intercellular signaling done? - (answer)contact-dependent, paracrine, hormonal,
neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
What is ATP? - (answer)Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active transport.
What is anabolism? - (answer)energy-using process of metabolism
What is catabolism? - (answer)the energy-releasing process of metabolism
What is passive transport? - (answer)The movement of materials across the cell membrane
without using cellular energy, water and small electrically uncharged molecules, done through
osmosis
What is oxidative phosphorylation? - (answer)occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism
by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP.
What is endocytosis and exocytosis? - (answer)Endo= into the cell (engulf). Exo= out of the cell
(excrete).
