PSIO 305 Exam 1 Questions and Answers A+
Scores
An increase in ALL of the following would suggest trophic communication or
support EXCEPT:
1.# of dendrites & synaptic terminals
2.Size of primary sensory cortex area receiving input from finger
3.Rate of respiration with exercise
4.Density of glial cells in memory areas - -3.Rate of respiration with exercise
a "Do " communication: a relatively short term 'call to action' (activation) of
the respiratory muscles to meet the immediate demands of exercise:
increased need of oxygen and removal of CO2.T he remainder are longer
term responses to trophic input, promoting structural and/or functional
changes in the cells or tissues involved
- What is systemic communication? - -Response to momentary stimulus or
demand; can be Acute or short-term in order to maintain homeostasis
-May be an integrated system response
- What is trophic communication? - -Promotes cell growth, differentiation,
survival
-Long term (or longer) effects
-Robust phenomenon
-sensitive to changes in age, activity, pathology, and nutrition
- What do Trophic Interactions between Cells & Tissues promote? - -Growth,
Differentiation, & Survival
- What are the differences between fast and slow synapses? - -Fast-
Activate ion channels (ionotropic), Current flow/voltage change
Slow- Binds to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR)(metabotropic),
Downstream, slower and more long lasting effect
- What is the effect of dopamine on fast and slow synapses? - -Fast-
Activate ion channels, In Basal Ganglia, Affects movement planning "Do"
communication, but can be 'trophic' as well
Slow- Binds to GPCR, In Hypothalamus, Involved in hunger, thirst, temp
regulation, Trophic
- What are the trophic importances of glia cells (neuroglia)? - -•Regulation
of environment- Ion channels, Transporters
•Regulation of growth via release of glia-derived growth factor
(also supportive and help insulate)
, - how do you 'know' how strong the stimulus is? - -Rate coding: AP
frequency is proportional to stimulus intensity
-Greater open time or distortion of channel: > greater ion flux and voltage
changes, > potential for reaching threshold, increased # of action potentials
- How to indicate character of stimulus? (i.e, how do you 'know' the speed of
onset or rate of adaptation?) - -Pattern Coding: Pattern Indicates type of
stimulus and responsiveness of sensory receptor
- What is temporal summation? - -•a single source
•With multiple signals
•Over a short time
•Voltage change builds
- What is spatial summation? - -•Simultaneous arrival of multiple inputs,
Spatially separated
-if one at a time: small voltage change for each channel alone
-If simultaneous: Voltage change reflects the sum of the ion flux through all
theopen channels.
- What is the result of both temporal and spatial summation? - -Both types
of summation: increase release of NT's, open channel time, ion flux and
voltage change
- What is a motor unit and what does it consist of? - -•Smallest functional
unit for voluntary force production
•Consists of: Motoneuron, the subset of muscle fibers it innervates
- With aging, there is a loss of motor neurons and a subsequent loss of
motor units (MU). The remaining motor neurons often 'pick up' new fibers,
providing innervation to some of the abandoned muscle fibers. This new MU
arrangement might lead to which of the following in the elderly?
1.Increased overall strength
2.Increased proprioception
3.Decreased precision of movement
4.Decreased ability for temporal summation - -3.Decreased precision of
movement
Remaining MU's are larger, reducing ability to finely increase or decrease
forces for movement control and adjustments
- What are muscle Fiber types categorized based on? - -•Contractile speed
•Fiber diameter
•Metabolic preferences
•Fatiguability
- What is a sarcomere made up of? - -•Contractile repeating unit
, •Bounded by Z disc/line
•Thin filaments-Actin
•Thick Filaments-Myosin
- What is f-actin? - -Double-stranded helix of globular actin
- What is a myosin head composed of? - -•Myosin Heavy chain (various
isoforms)
•Myosin Light chains
•Site for myosin ATPase
- What does Magnitude of Force produced by a muscle fiber depend upon? -
-# of cross-bridges formed
•# of actin & myosin filaments
•Proportional to fiber diameter
•atrophy vs. hypertrophy
- What does Velocity of Force produced by a muscle fiber depend upon? - -
Rate cross-bridges are formed (#/per unit time)
•Type of filaments
•Slow or fast isoforms
•Ability to activate process
•Leads to Slow (S) & Fast (F) Twitch fiber class
- What is ATP's role in muscle contraction? - -•Cross bridge cycling
(detachment)
•Maintenance of Membrane potential
•Reuptake of Ca++ after activation
- What is a slow motor unit's diameter, force velocity, metabolism, and
fatiguability? - -slow, moderate, oxidative, non
- What is a fast resistant motor unit's diameter, force velocity, metabolism,
and fatiguability? - -largest, fast, oxidative and glycolytic, resistant
- What is a fast fatiguable motor unit's diameter, force velocity, metabolism,
and fatiguability? - -moderate, fast, glycolytic, fatiguable
- What are Movement & Muscle propertiesare influenced by ? - -•Contractile
protein: Arrangement, Number, Isoform
•Enzymatic: Activity, Concentration
- Which of the following could lead to a decrease in volume of neural tissue
in the developing animal
1.decrease BMP release
2.increase Noggin release
Scores
An increase in ALL of the following would suggest trophic communication or
support EXCEPT:
1.# of dendrites & synaptic terminals
2.Size of primary sensory cortex area receiving input from finger
3.Rate of respiration with exercise
4.Density of glial cells in memory areas - -3.Rate of respiration with exercise
a "Do " communication: a relatively short term 'call to action' (activation) of
the respiratory muscles to meet the immediate demands of exercise:
increased need of oxygen and removal of CO2.T he remainder are longer
term responses to trophic input, promoting structural and/or functional
changes in the cells or tissues involved
- What is systemic communication? - -Response to momentary stimulus or
demand; can be Acute or short-term in order to maintain homeostasis
-May be an integrated system response
- What is trophic communication? - -Promotes cell growth, differentiation,
survival
-Long term (or longer) effects
-Robust phenomenon
-sensitive to changes in age, activity, pathology, and nutrition
- What do Trophic Interactions between Cells & Tissues promote? - -Growth,
Differentiation, & Survival
- What are the differences between fast and slow synapses? - -Fast-
Activate ion channels (ionotropic), Current flow/voltage change
Slow- Binds to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR)(metabotropic),
Downstream, slower and more long lasting effect
- What is the effect of dopamine on fast and slow synapses? - -Fast-
Activate ion channels, In Basal Ganglia, Affects movement planning "Do"
communication, but can be 'trophic' as well
Slow- Binds to GPCR, In Hypothalamus, Involved in hunger, thirst, temp
regulation, Trophic
- What are the trophic importances of glia cells (neuroglia)? - -•Regulation
of environment- Ion channels, Transporters
•Regulation of growth via release of glia-derived growth factor
(also supportive and help insulate)
, - how do you 'know' how strong the stimulus is? - -Rate coding: AP
frequency is proportional to stimulus intensity
-Greater open time or distortion of channel: > greater ion flux and voltage
changes, > potential for reaching threshold, increased # of action potentials
- How to indicate character of stimulus? (i.e, how do you 'know' the speed of
onset or rate of adaptation?) - -Pattern Coding: Pattern Indicates type of
stimulus and responsiveness of sensory receptor
- What is temporal summation? - -•a single source
•With multiple signals
•Over a short time
•Voltage change builds
- What is spatial summation? - -•Simultaneous arrival of multiple inputs,
Spatially separated
-if one at a time: small voltage change for each channel alone
-If simultaneous: Voltage change reflects the sum of the ion flux through all
theopen channels.
- What is the result of both temporal and spatial summation? - -Both types
of summation: increase release of NT's, open channel time, ion flux and
voltage change
- What is a motor unit and what does it consist of? - -•Smallest functional
unit for voluntary force production
•Consists of: Motoneuron, the subset of muscle fibers it innervates
- With aging, there is a loss of motor neurons and a subsequent loss of
motor units (MU). The remaining motor neurons often 'pick up' new fibers,
providing innervation to some of the abandoned muscle fibers. This new MU
arrangement might lead to which of the following in the elderly?
1.Increased overall strength
2.Increased proprioception
3.Decreased precision of movement
4.Decreased ability for temporal summation - -3.Decreased precision of
movement
Remaining MU's are larger, reducing ability to finely increase or decrease
forces for movement control and adjustments
- What are muscle Fiber types categorized based on? - -•Contractile speed
•Fiber diameter
•Metabolic preferences
•Fatiguability
- What is a sarcomere made up of? - -•Contractile repeating unit
, •Bounded by Z disc/line
•Thin filaments-Actin
•Thick Filaments-Myosin
- What is f-actin? - -Double-stranded helix of globular actin
- What is a myosin head composed of? - -•Myosin Heavy chain (various
isoforms)
•Myosin Light chains
•Site for myosin ATPase
- What does Magnitude of Force produced by a muscle fiber depend upon? -
-# of cross-bridges formed
•# of actin & myosin filaments
•Proportional to fiber diameter
•atrophy vs. hypertrophy
- What does Velocity of Force produced by a muscle fiber depend upon? - -
Rate cross-bridges are formed (#/per unit time)
•Type of filaments
•Slow or fast isoforms
•Ability to activate process
•Leads to Slow (S) & Fast (F) Twitch fiber class
- What is ATP's role in muscle contraction? - -•Cross bridge cycling
(detachment)
•Maintenance of Membrane potential
•Reuptake of Ca++ after activation
- What is a slow motor unit's diameter, force velocity, metabolism, and
fatiguability? - -slow, moderate, oxidative, non
- What is a fast resistant motor unit's diameter, force velocity, metabolism,
and fatiguability? - -largest, fast, oxidative and glycolytic, resistant
- What is a fast fatiguable motor unit's diameter, force velocity, metabolism,
and fatiguability? - -moderate, fast, glycolytic, fatiguable
- What are Movement & Muscle propertiesare influenced by ? - -•Contractile
protein: Arrangement, Number, Isoform
•Enzymatic: Activity, Concentration
- Which of the following could lead to a decrease in volume of neural tissue
in the developing animal
1.decrease BMP release
2.increase Noggin release
