PSYC 290 EXAM 3 with 100% correct
answers 2025
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages - Correct AnswerBirth to 12 mos. - Trust vs.
Mistrust:During this stage the infant is uncertain about the world in which they live. To
resolve these feelings of uncertainty the infant looks towards their primary caregiver for
stability and consistency of care.
12 mos. to 3 years - Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt:If children in this stage are
encouraged and supported in their increased independence, they become more
confident and secure in their own ability to survive in the world.If children are criticized,
overly controlled, or not given the opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel
inadequate in their ability to survive, and may then become overly dependent upon
others, lack self-esteem, and feel a sense of shame or doubt in their own abilities.
3 years to 6 years - Initiative vs Guilt: Children explore the world beyond themselves.
They explore feeding and dressing, toilet training, and new ways of moving about.
When they begin to succeed in doing things for themselves, they gain a sense of self-
confidence and self-control. However, if they continually fail and are punished or labeled
as messy, sloppy, inadequate, or bad they learn to feel shame or self-doubt.
6 years to 12 years - Industry vs. Inferiority: Children develop numerous skills and
competencies in school, at home, and in the outside world. A sense of self is enriched
by the realistic development of such competencies. Comparison with peers is
increasingly significant. A negative evaluation of self as inferior compared to others is
especially disruptive at this time.
12 years to 18 years - Ego identity vs. Ego diffusion: Before adolescence, children begin
to learn a number of different roles: student, friend, older sibling, athlete, musician, and
so forth. During adolescence, it becomes important to sort out and integrate those roles
into a single, consistent i
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development - Correct AnswerBirth to approximately 2
years: Sensorimotor - Infants learn about the world through looking, grasping, mouthing,
and other actions. Intelligence relies on the senses and bodily motion, beginning with
simple reflexes that give rise to more complex, voluntary behaviors.
2 years to approximately 7 year: Preoperational - Children form concepts and use
symbols, such as language, to help them communicate. Such concepts are limited to
their personal, immediate experiences. Preoperational children possess very limited,
and at times "magical", notions of cause and effect and have difficulty classifying
objects or events. They do not hold broad, general theories, but instead they use daily
experiences to build specific knowledge. In addition, preoperational children neither
make generalizations about classes of objects (e.g., all grandmothers) nor can they
think through the consequences of a particular chain of events.
, 7 years to 11 or 12 years: Concrete operational - Children begin to think logically, to
classify on more than one dimension at a time, and to understand mathematical
concepts provided they can apply these operations to concrete or at least concretely
imaginable objects or events. Concrete operational children begin to use logic in their
thinking, but they may experience difficulty in understanding that a particular animal can
be both a "dog" and a "terrier", and they can deal with only one classification at a time.
Yet 7-year-olds understand that terriers are a smaller group within the larger group,
dogs. They can also see other subgroups such as terriers and poodles as "small dogs"
and goldren retriever and st. bernards as "large dogs". Thsi kind of thinking shows an
understanding of heirarchy in classification.
12 years and beyond: Formal operational - Individuals can explore logical solutions to
both conc
Characteristics of Middle Adulthood - Correct AnswerSensation:
- Decline in visual acuityl, except for distant objects
- Hearing loss, especially for high-frequency sounds
- Decline in taste
Reaction Time:
- Slow decline in reaction time
Internal Changes:
- Slowing of the nervous system
- Stiffening and shrinking of the skeleton
- Loss of elasticity in the skin and the muscles; development of wrinkles
- Accumulation of subcutaneous fat
- Decrease in heart and lung capacity
The climacteric: The overall compelx of physical and emotoinal effects that accompany
hormonal changes in middle adulthood.
Sex-related changes in women:
- Menopause (cessation of ovulation and menstruation)
- Reduced production of estrogen
- Shrinking of the uterus and reduction of breast size
- Hot flashes; night sweats
- Loss of bone mass (osteoporosis)
- Vaginal atrophy
Sex-related changes in men:
- Gradual decline in the production of androgens
- Increased difficulty in achieving erection
Cognitive Continuity and Change - Correct AnswerCrystalized intelligence: The body of
knowledge and skills accumulated through education and life experiences; also called
answers 2025
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages - Correct AnswerBirth to 12 mos. - Trust vs.
Mistrust:During this stage the infant is uncertain about the world in which they live. To
resolve these feelings of uncertainty the infant looks towards their primary caregiver for
stability and consistency of care.
12 mos. to 3 years - Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt:If children in this stage are
encouraged and supported in their increased independence, they become more
confident and secure in their own ability to survive in the world.If children are criticized,
overly controlled, or not given the opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel
inadequate in their ability to survive, and may then become overly dependent upon
others, lack self-esteem, and feel a sense of shame or doubt in their own abilities.
3 years to 6 years - Initiative vs Guilt: Children explore the world beyond themselves.
They explore feeding and dressing, toilet training, and new ways of moving about.
When they begin to succeed in doing things for themselves, they gain a sense of self-
confidence and self-control. However, if they continually fail and are punished or labeled
as messy, sloppy, inadequate, or bad they learn to feel shame or self-doubt.
6 years to 12 years - Industry vs. Inferiority: Children develop numerous skills and
competencies in school, at home, and in the outside world. A sense of self is enriched
by the realistic development of such competencies. Comparison with peers is
increasingly significant. A negative evaluation of self as inferior compared to others is
especially disruptive at this time.
12 years to 18 years - Ego identity vs. Ego diffusion: Before adolescence, children begin
to learn a number of different roles: student, friend, older sibling, athlete, musician, and
so forth. During adolescence, it becomes important to sort out and integrate those roles
into a single, consistent i
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development - Correct AnswerBirth to approximately 2
years: Sensorimotor - Infants learn about the world through looking, grasping, mouthing,
and other actions. Intelligence relies on the senses and bodily motion, beginning with
simple reflexes that give rise to more complex, voluntary behaviors.
2 years to approximately 7 year: Preoperational - Children form concepts and use
symbols, such as language, to help them communicate. Such concepts are limited to
their personal, immediate experiences. Preoperational children possess very limited,
and at times "magical", notions of cause and effect and have difficulty classifying
objects or events. They do not hold broad, general theories, but instead they use daily
experiences to build specific knowledge. In addition, preoperational children neither
make generalizations about classes of objects (e.g., all grandmothers) nor can they
think through the consequences of a particular chain of events.
, 7 years to 11 or 12 years: Concrete operational - Children begin to think logically, to
classify on more than one dimension at a time, and to understand mathematical
concepts provided they can apply these operations to concrete or at least concretely
imaginable objects or events. Concrete operational children begin to use logic in their
thinking, but they may experience difficulty in understanding that a particular animal can
be both a "dog" and a "terrier", and they can deal with only one classification at a time.
Yet 7-year-olds understand that terriers are a smaller group within the larger group,
dogs. They can also see other subgroups such as terriers and poodles as "small dogs"
and goldren retriever and st. bernards as "large dogs". Thsi kind of thinking shows an
understanding of heirarchy in classification.
12 years and beyond: Formal operational - Individuals can explore logical solutions to
both conc
Characteristics of Middle Adulthood - Correct AnswerSensation:
- Decline in visual acuityl, except for distant objects
- Hearing loss, especially for high-frequency sounds
- Decline in taste
Reaction Time:
- Slow decline in reaction time
Internal Changes:
- Slowing of the nervous system
- Stiffening and shrinking of the skeleton
- Loss of elasticity in the skin and the muscles; development of wrinkles
- Accumulation of subcutaneous fat
- Decrease in heart and lung capacity
The climacteric: The overall compelx of physical and emotoinal effects that accompany
hormonal changes in middle adulthood.
Sex-related changes in women:
- Menopause (cessation of ovulation and menstruation)
- Reduced production of estrogen
- Shrinking of the uterus and reduction of breast size
- Hot flashes; night sweats
- Loss of bone mass (osteoporosis)
- Vaginal atrophy
Sex-related changes in men:
- Gradual decline in the production of androgens
- Increased difficulty in achieving erection
Cognitive Continuity and Change - Correct AnswerCrystalized intelligence: The body of
knowledge and skills accumulated through education and life experiences; also called
