ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 4 TISSUES EXAM 2025

Tissues - -groups of cells with a common structure and function. Tissues - -groups of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism Histology - -microscopic study of tissue structures Yes - -can we predict the function of tissue through its structure? Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous - -four primary tissue types Epithelial tissue - -it is a type of tissue that covers and lines the hollow organs of our body It protects foreign materials from entering the body - -why are epithelial tissues important to the hollow organs with openings to the outside environment? Epithelial cells - -epithelial tissues consist of? Free surface - -surface of the tissue that is exposed Basal surface - -surface of cell that is anchored in place Basement membrane - -cells at the base of an epithelial layer are attached to this. Lateral surface - -this is where the epithelial cells are attached to each other Avascular - -are epithelial tissues vascular or avascular? Closest to basement membrane - -where are metabolically active epithelial cells located? Yes - -is epithelial tissues capable of regeneration? Simple epithelium - -it is an epithelium that consists of a single layer of cells with each cell extending from the basal membrane Stratified epithelium - -it is an epithelium that consists of more than 1 layer of cells ANATOMY ANATOMY ANATOMY Pseudostratified epithelium - -it is an epithelium that consists of false layering Flat and thin cells are effective in diffusion and filtering processes - -what would be the functions of an e tissue that relate to it being a thin layer? Squamous epithelial tissue - -flat or scalelike epithelial tissue Cuboidal epithelial tissue - -cube shaped epithelium Columnar epithelial tissue - -epithelial tissue that tends to be taller than they are wide Simple squamous epithelium - -single layer of flattened cells Simple squamous epithelium - -function: allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae. Location: kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity(serosae) Simple cuboidal epithelium - -single layer of cube shaped cells Simple cuboidal epithelium - -function: secretion and absorption Location: kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface. Simple columnar epithelium - -made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together Simple columnar epithelium - -function: absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliated action. Location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus. Transitional epithelium - -a special epithelium that can stretch 1. Squamous - cells are flat, scale-like 2. Cuboidal - shaped like a cube 3. Columnar - shaped like a column - -give 3 classifications of epithelial tissues by shape 1. Simple epithelium - single layer 2. Stratified epithelium - many layers ANATOMY 3. Pseudostratified tissue - appears to be stratified, but is not, one layer - -give 3 classifications of epithelial tissues by layers Stratified squamous epithelium - - Simple cuboidal epithelium - - Simple columnar epithelium - - Simple squamous epithelium - - Pseudostratified columnar epithelium - - Simple cuboidal epithelium - - Stratified cuboidal epithelium - - Transitional epithelium - - Stratified columnar epithelium - - Endothelium - -the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs Microvilli - -fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells, increase surface area, aid in absorption, exist on every moist epithelia, but most dense in small intestine and kidney Cilia - -hair like projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion Keratin - -hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails Mucus - -a thick, slippery substance produced by the body Desmosomes - -anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart Desmosomes - -this mechanically binds epithelial cells Hemi desmosomes - -attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane Tight junctions - -prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells Tight junctions - -membranes of neighboring cells are pressed