CCBC Biology 109 Exam 2025

Atoms - -building blocks of elements, smallest units of matter Atomic number - - number of protons in the nucleus Mass number - -protons + neutrons Isotopes - -atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons Compounds - -formed when electrons are exchanged between atoms Molecule - -composed of two or more atoms that share electrons Ion - -an atom has a positive or negative charge Ionic bond - -atoms donates or accepts electrons from interacting atoms to create a stable valence shell Cation - -positively charged ion Anion - -negatively charged ion Covalent bond - -sharing of electrons either equally or unequally Nonpolar - -equally shared Polar - -unequally shared Hydrogen bonds - -weakened bond Put and ionic bond in a solution _________ - -it becomes weaker Reactants - -atoms in the reacting substances Products - -results Metabolism - -all the actions being performed in your body Work - -movement of an object or change in physical structure Energy - -capacity to perform work Biology Biology Biology Kinetic - -energy of motion Potential energy - -stored energy Cellular work includes - --producing complex molecules -moving material into in out of a cell Transfer of energy is - -not 100% efficient Skeletal muscle cells are an example of what type of energy? - -potential energy Contraction - -turns potential to kinetic Byproduct of contraction - -heat Metabolic pathway - -series of complex reactions where the product is the reactant for another reaction Decomposition - -reaction that breaks a molecule into smaller fragments Hydrolysis- - -take a compound, combined with water, and it splits a large compound. Catabolism - -taking big and complex components and breaking them down into their smaller components Synthesis - -take two individual pieces and throughout the process to form a compound Dehydration synthesis - -formation of a complex molecule by removing a water molecule Anabolism - -taking smaller components and combining them to make them bigger and more complex Chemical reactions are _______ - -reversible, can operate in either direction Exchange reaction - -when you take a piece of a particular compound and exchange it Buffers - -ph. in the body between 7.35-7.45, Chemical compounds that quickly bind or release hydrogen ions, Maintain ph of body when strong acids or bases are taken into the body or formed from chemical reactions within the body Carbohydrates - -organic compounds (contains carbon) Carbon: hydrogen: oxygen - -1:2:1 Biology Examples of carbohydrates - -sugars, starches, cellulose Most important function (carbohydrates) - -energy source Monosaccharides - -building blocks of carbohydrates (or monomers) Disaccharides - -double sugars Polysaccharides - -large complex carbohydrates Lipids - -made of carbon, hydrogen, and very little oxygen Examples of lipids - -triglycerides, steroids Triglycerides - -made of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules Formed by 3 dehydration reactions Structural lipids - -cholesterol Phospholipids Glycolipids Steroids - -large lipid molecules, share distinctive carbon-ring framework, differ in functional groups attached to the ring Phospholipids and glycolipids - -both are synthesized by our cells Both are diglycerides Phospholipids - -phosphate group links diglyceride to nonlipid group Micelles - -hydrophobic tails go away from water, heads go towards areas of water Proteins - -large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Amino acids - -building blocks of peptides that in turn combine to form proteins Enzymes - -catalysts in reactions Specificity - -lock and key Efficiency - -lowers activation energy for reaction Control - -controlled by genes, cofactors/coenzymes (minerals/vitamins) Substrates - -reactants for reaction Biology Biology Substrates bind to surface of enzyme at active sites Nucleic acids - -organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus Building blocks of nucleic acids Deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) - -- double strain - genetic material, encodes instructions for protein synthesis. - double helix structure - atgc - a = t - g = c Ribonucleic acid (rna) - -- single strain - agcu - performs protein synthesis Extracellular fluid - -fluid surrounding cells Interstitial fluid - -fluid in space between cells Atp - -energy molecule- fueled by consumption of food/mitochondrion All dna is stored in the ________ - -nucleus More fluid like the membrane is the _______ the transportation, the more rigid the _________ it is - -easier, harder Cilia - -hair-like projections of the plasma membrane that sweeps material across cell surface Flagella - -longer whip-like structure that helps cells move Chromatin - -dna and proteins combined Interphase - -cell increases in size, performs all necessary steps for mitosis Freely permeable - -anything is allowed to pass Selectively - -only some are allowed to pass Diffusion - -transferring from a high level of concentration to a low level of concentration Osmosis - -water transports from a low concentration to a high concentration Biology Biology Carrier protein - -proteins that transfer particles across the membrane Active transport - -low concentration to high. Used of atp and adp. Epithelial tissue - -covers exposed body surface Glands - -derived from epithelia; predominately secretory cells Functions - -provide physical protection Control permeability Provide sensation Produce specialized secretions Epithelial tissue is classified by shape and arrangement - -squamous Cuboidal Columnar Simple Pseudostratified Stratified Apical surface - -layer facing the outside world Microvilli __________ surface area - -increase Apocrine secretion - -removal of apical surface Holocrine secretion - -lubricates skin and hair for protection/ entire cell is released in the duct Merocrine secretion - -release of fluids through exocytosis Connective tissue - -made of fibroblasts Extracellular matrix - -matrix composed of protein fibers