PHM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
SOLVED 100% CORRECT!!
1 of
51
Term
Which of the following physiological changes could happen when a person
is attacked by a grizzly bear?
Increase in heart rat
Increase in lacrimation (tears)
Constriction of the pupil(miosis)
Increase in gastric motility
Give this one a try later!
, Correct answer = A. When a person is in the "fight-or-flight"mode, as in the
case of a bear attack, the sympathetic system will be activated. Activation
of the sympatheticsystem causes an increase in heart rateand blood
pressure and a decrease (notincrease) in gastric motility. It alsocauses
dilation (not constriction) of thepupil and inhibition of lacrimation.
Choices B, C and D are incorrect since they do not characterize
sympathetic activation that is expected within countering a grizzly bear
Correct answer = A.•
Choice B is incorrect. Stimulation of α1 receptors, mostly found in the blood
vessels, causes vasoconstriction and increase in blood pressure.•
Choice C in incorrect. Stimulation ofα2 receptors on the sympathetic presynaptic
terminal reduces the release of norepinephrine.•
Choices D is incorrect. β2 receptors are not found in the heart, soactivation of β2
receptors does notaffect heart rate.•
Choice E is incorrect. Stimulation ofβ2 receptors found in the bronchial tissues
causes bronchodilation, not bronchoconstriction
Correct answer = A.• Selective blockade (in theory) of the sympathetic ganglion
causes reduction in norepinephrine release and therefore reduction in heart
rate and blood pressure. Selective blockade (in theory) of theparasympathetic
ganglion causes reduction inACh release and therefore an increase in heartrate.
Receptors at both sympathetic andparasympathetic ganglia are of the
nicotinictype.
Choice C is incorrect. Nicotine is an agonist atnicotinic receptors and produces
adepolarizing block in the ganglia.• Choice D is incorrect. Atropine is a
muscarinicantagonist and has no effect on the nicotinicreceptors found in the
ganglia
Correct answer = C.• Drugs with selective α1 agonisticactivity are commonly
used as nasaldecongestants because of their abilityto cause vasoconstriction in
the
nasalvessels.• Oxymetazoline is an α1 agonist and therefore the preferred
drug among the choices as a nasal decongestant.• Other choices are
inappropriate. Clonidine is an α2 agonist, albuterol isa β2 agonist, dobutamine
is a β1 agonist, and norepinephrine is a nonselective adrenergic agonist
Don't know?
,2 of 51
Term
A β-blocker was prescribed for hypertension in a female asthma
patient.After about a week of treatment, the asthma attacks got
worse, and the patient was asked to stop taking the β-blocker. Which
of the following β-blockers would you suggest as an alternative in
this patient that is less likely to worsen her asthma?
A. Propranolol
B.Metoprolol
C. Labetalol
D.Carvedilol
Give this one a try later!
Correct answer = D.• Blocking muscarinic receptors, using drugs such as
atropine, reduces salivary secretions and makes the mouth dry.
Choice A is incorrect. Salivary glands contain muscarinic receptors, not. nicotinic
receptors.
Choice B is incorrect. Salivary glands contain muscarinic receptors, not nicotinic
receptors.
Choice C is inappropriate. Activation of muscarinic receptors in the salivary
glands causes secretion of saliva, which is inappropriate for this case
Correct answer = B.
• The patient was most likely given a nonselective β-blocker
(antagonizes both β1 and β2 receptors) that made her asthma worse
due to β2
antagonism.• An alternative is to prescribe a cardio selective
(antagonizes only β1) β-blocker that does not antagonize β2receptors
in the
bronchioles.• Metoprolol is a cardioselective β-blocker.• Propranolol,
labetalol, and carvedilolare nonselective β-blockers and could worsen the
asthma
, Correct answer = E.
Norepinephrine activates both α1 and β1 receptors and causes an increase in
heart rate and blood pressure.• A drug that prevents the increase in blood
pressure caused by norepinephrine should be like carvedilol that
antagonizes both α1 and β1 receptors.• Prazosin is an α1 antagonist, clonidine is
an α2 agonist, and propranolol and metoprolol are β antagonists, and these
drugs cannot
completely prevent the cardiovascular effects of norepinephrine
Correct answer = B.• α2 Agonists activate α2 receptors located in the presynaptic
terminal of sympathetic neurons and cause a reduction in the release of
norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals. This leads to a reduction in
blood pressure. α2Agonists such as clonidine and methyldopa are therefore
used as antihypertensive agents.•
Choice A is incorrect. α2 Agoniststypically decrease the release
ofnorepinephrine from sympatheticnerve terminals.• Choices C and D are
incorrect. α2Agonists can decrease blood
pressure
Don't know?
3 of 51
Term
A 12-year-old boy who is allergic to peanuts was brought to the
emergency room after accidentally consuming peanuts contained in
fast food. He is in anaphylactic shock. Which of the following drugs
would be most appropriate to treat this patient?
A. Norepinephrine
B.Phenylephrine
C. Dobutamine
D.Epinephrine
Give this one a try later!
SOLVED 100% CORRECT!!
1 of
51
Term
Which of the following physiological changes could happen when a person
is attacked by a grizzly bear?
Increase in heart rat
Increase in lacrimation (tears)
Constriction of the pupil(miosis)
Increase in gastric motility
Give this one a try later!
, Correct answer = A. When a person is in the "fight-or-flight"mode, as in the
case of a bear attack, the sympathetic system will be activated. Activation
of the sympatheticsystem causes an increase in heart rateand blood
pressure and a decrease (notincrease) in gastric motility. It alsocauses
dilation (not constriction) of thepupil and inhibition of lacrimation.
Choices B, C and D are incorrect since they do not characterize
sympathetic activation that is expected within countering a grizzly bear
Correct answer = A.•
Choice B is incorrect. Stimulation of α1 receptors, mostly found in the blood
vessels, causes vasoconstriction and increase in blood pressure.•
Choice C in incorrect. Stimulation ofα2 receptors on the sympathetic presynaptic
terminal reduces the release of norepinephrine.•
Choices D is incorrect. β2 receptors are not found in the heart, soactivation of β2
receptors does notaffect heart rate.•
Choice E is incorrect. Stimulation ofβ2 receptors found in the bronchial tissues
causes bronchodilation, not bronchoconstriction
Correct answer = A.• Selective blockade (in theory) of the sympathetic ganglion
causes reduction in norepinephrine release and therefore reduction in heart
rate and blood pressure. Selective blockade (in theory) of theparasympathetic
ganglion causes reduction inACh release and therefore an increase in heartrate.
Receptors at both sympathetic andparasympathetic ganglia are of the
nicotinictype.
Choice C is incorrect. Nicotine is an agonist atnicotinic receptors and produces
adepolarizing block in the ganglia.• Choice D is incorrect. Atropine is a
muscarinicantagonist and has no effect on the nicotinicreceptors found in the
ganglia
Correct answer = C.• Drugs with selective α1 agonisticactivity are commonly
used as nasaldecongestants because of their abilityto cause vasoconstriction in
the
nasalvessels.• Oxymetazoline is an α1 agonist and therefore the preferred
drug among the choices as a nasal decongestant.• Other choices are
inappropriate. Clonidine is an α2 agonist, albuterol isa β2 agonist, dobutamine
is a β1 agonist, and norepinephrine is a nonselective adrenergic agonist
Don't know?
,2 of 51
Term
A β-blocker was prescribed for hypertension in a female asthma
patient.After about a week of treatment, the asthma attacks got
worse, and the patient was asked to stop taking the β-blocker. Which
of the following β-blockers would you suggest as an alternative in
this patient that is less likely to worsen her asthma?
A. Propranolol
B.Metoprolol
C. Labetalol
D.Carvedilol
Give this one a try later!
Correct answer = D.• Blocking muscarinic receptors, using drugs such as
atropine, reduces salivary secretions and makes the mouth dry.
Choice A is incorrect. Salivary glands contain muscarinic receptors, not. nicotinic
receptors.
Choice B is incorrect. Salivary glands contain muscarinic receptors, not nicotinic
receptors.
Choice C is inappropriate. Activation of muscarinic receptors in the salivary
glands causes secretion of saliva, which is inappropriate for this case
Correct answer = B.
• The patient was most likely given a nonselective β-blocker
(antagonizes both β1 and β2 receptors) that made her asthma worse
due to β2
antagonism.• An alternative is to prescribe a cardio selective
(antagonizes only β1) β-blocker that does not antagonize β2receptors
in the
bronchioles.• Metoprolol is a cardioselective β-blocker.• Propranolol,
labetalol, and carvedilolare nonselective β-blockers and could worsen the
asthma
, Correct answer = E.
Norepinephrine activates both α1 and β1 receptors and causes an increase in
heart rate and blood pressure.• A drug that prevents the increase in blood
pressure caused by norepinephrine should be like carvedilol that
antagonizes both α1 and β1 receptors.• Prazosin is an α1 antagonist, clonidine is
an α2 agonist, and propranolol and metoprolol are β antagonists, and these
drugs cannot
completely prevent the cardiovascular effects of norepinephrine
Correct answer = B.• α2 Agonists activate α2 receptors located in the presynaptic
terminal of sympathetic neurons and cause a reduction in the release of
norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals. This leads to a reduction in
blood pressure. α2Agonists such as clonidine and methyldopa are therefore
used as antihypertensive agents.•
Choice A is incorrect. α2 Agoniststypically decrease the release
ofnorepinephrine from sympatheticnerve terminals.• Choices C and D are
incorrect. α2Agonists can decrease blood
pressure
Don't know?
3 of 51
Term
A 12-year-old boy who is allergic to peanuts was brought to the
emergency room after accidentally consuming peanuts contained in
fast food. He is in anaphylactic shock. Which of the following drugs
would be most appropriate to treat this patient?
A. Norepinephrine
B.Phenylephrine
C. Dobutamine
D.Epinephrine
Give this one a try later!
