MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology Q&A
final with complete solution.
Nephrotic syndrome ~CORRECT ANSWER~✓✓characterized by massive
proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the
mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune
response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal ~CORRECT ANSWER~✓✓Lesions
that involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse,
and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal
(e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental ~CORRECT ANSWER~✓✓When
a whole glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and
the lesion is considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the
glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis ~CORRECT ANSWER~✓✓An inflammatory disorder
of the glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of activation of immune
mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome ~CORRECT ANSWER~✓✓Associated with
glomerulonephritis and an immune response that is inflammatory. A key
feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins
which occur as a result of inflammation.
,1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention --
periorbital edema and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and
dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune Complex deposition activated
Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor ~CORRECT
ANSWER~✓✓refers to an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial,
endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra capillary space, this forms
specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of macrophages,
fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman
space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor ~CORRECT
ANSWER~✓✓refers to glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is
between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor ~CORRECT
ANSWER~✓✓refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy ~CORRECT ANSWER~✓✓A
common, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as
men age, usually appearing by age 50.
, Bladder cancer ~CORRECT ANSWER~✓✓cancerous tumor that arises from
the cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis ~CORRECT
ANSWER~✓✓History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis ~CORRECT ANSWER~✓✓An abnormal dilation of the
renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to
a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) ~CORRECT ANSWER~✓✓inherited
disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
final with complete solution.
Nephrotic syndrome ~CORRECT ANSWER~✓✓characterized by massive
proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the
mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune
response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal ~CORRECT ANSWER~✓✓Lesions
that involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse,
and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal
(e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental ~CORRECT ANSWER~✓✓When
a whole glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and
the lesion is considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the
glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis ~CORRECT ANSWER~✓✓An inflammatory disorder
of the glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of activation of immune
mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome ~CORRECT ANSWER~✓✓Associated with
glomerulonephritis and an immune response that is inflammatory. A key
feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins
which occur as a result of inflammation.
,1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention --
periorbital edema and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and
dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune Complex deposition activated
Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor ~CORRECT
ANSWER~✓✓refers to an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial,
endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra capillary space, this forms
specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of macrophages,
fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman
space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor ~CORRECT
ANSWER~✓✓refers to glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is
between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor ~CORRECT
ANSWER~✓✓refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy ~CORRECT ANSWER~✓✓A
common, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as
men age, usually appearing by age 50.
, Bladder cancer ~CORRECT ANSWER~✓✓cancerous tumor that arises from
the cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis ~CORRECT
ANSWER~✓✓History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis ~CORRECT ANSWER~✓✓An abnormal dilation of the
renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to
a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) ~CORRECT ANSWER~✓✓inherited
disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
