CHLH 274 Final 2025/2026 Exam
Questions with 100% Correct Answers |
1
Latest Update
Internal Validity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔when a study has proper selection of study
groups and lack of error in measurement
Internal Validity is concerned w/ - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔measurement of exposure,
measurement of outcome, and association between exposure and disease
External Validity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔implies the ability to generalize beyond a set
of observations to some universal statement
Sources of Error in Epidemiologic Research - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔random errors and
systematic errors (bias)
Random Errors - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔reflect fluctuations around a true value of a
parameter because of sampling variability
Factors Contributing to Random Error - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔poor precision, sampling
error, and variability in measurement
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,Poor Precision - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Occurs when the factor being measured is not
measured sharply; precision can be increased by increasing sample size or number
2
of measurements
Sampling Error - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔occurs when the sample selected is not
representative of the target population; increasing the sample size can reduce the
likelihood of sampling error
Variability in Measurement - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔lack of agreement in results from
time to time reflects random error inherent in the type of measurement procedure
employed
Systematic Errors (Bias) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔deviation of results or inferences from
the truth, or processes leading to such deviation
Factors that Contribute to Systematic Errors - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔selection bias,
information bias, confounding
Selection Bias - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔arises when the relation between exposure and
disease is different for those who participate and those who theoretically would be
eligible for study but do not participate.
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COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Information Bias - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔can be introduced as a result of measurement
error in assessment of both exposure and disease.
3
Recall bias (type of information bias) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔better recall among cases
than among controls
Interviewer/abstractor bias (type of information bias) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔occurs
when interviewers probe more thoroughly for an exposure in a case than in a
control
Prevarication (lying) bias (type of information bias) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔occurs when
participants have ulterior motives for answering a question and thus may
underestimate or exaggerate an exposure
confounding - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔distortion of the estimate of the effect of an
exposure of interest bc it is mixed with the effect of an extraneous factor; occurs
when the crude and adjusted measures of effect are not equal (difference of 10%);
can be controlled for in the data analysis
criteria of confounders - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔to be a confounder, an extraneous factor
must satisfy the following critera: be a risk factor for the disease, be associated
with the exposure, and not be intermediate step in the casual path between
exposure and disease
100% GUARANTEED PASS
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Questions with 100% Correct Answers |
1
Latest Update
Internal Validity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔when a study has proper selection of study
groups and lack of error in measurement
Internal Validity is concerned w/ - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔measurement of exposure,
measurement of outcome, and association between exposure and disease
External Validity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔implies the ability to generalize beyond a set
of observations to some universal statement
Sources of Error in Epidemiologic Research - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔random errors and
systematic errors (bias)
Random Errors - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔reflect fluctuations around a true value of a
parameter because of sampling variability
Factors Contributing to Random Error - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔poor precision, sampling
error, and variability in measurement
100% GUARANTEED PASS
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Poor Precision - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Occurs when the factor being measured is not
measured sharply; precision can be increased by increasing sample size or number
2
of measurements
Sampling Error - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔occurs when the sample selected is not
representative of the target population; increasing the sample size can reduce the
likelihood of sampling error
Variability in Measurement - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔lack of agreement in results from
time to time reflects random error inherent in the type of measurement procedure
employed
Systematic Errors (Bias) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔deviation of results or inferences from
the truth, or processes leading to such deviation
Factors that Contribute to Systematic Errors - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔selection bias,
information bias, confounding
Selection Bias - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔arises when the relation between exposure and
disease is different for those who participate and those who theoretically would be
eligible for study but do not participate.
100% GUARANTEED PASS
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Information Bias - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔can be introduced as a result of measurement
error in assessment of both exposure and disease.
3
Recall bias (type of information bias) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔better recall among cases
than among controls
Interviewer/abstractor bias (type of information bias) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔occurs
when interviewers probe more thoroughly for an exposure in a case than in a
control
Prevarication (lying) bias (type of information bias) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔occurs when
participants have ulterior motives for answering a question and thus may
underestimate or exaggerate an exposure
confounding - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔distortion of the estimate of the effect of an
exposure of interest bc it is mixed with the effect of an extraneous factor; occurs
when the crude and adjusted measures of effect are not equal (difference of 10%);
can be controlled for in the data analysis
criteria of confounders - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔to be a confounder, an extraneous factor
must satisfy the following critera: be a risk factor for the disease, be associated
with the exposure, and not be intermediate step in the casual path between
exposure and disease
100% GUARANTEED PASS
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
