CHLH 200 Latest Version Exam 2025

Health - -Health is a state of complete physical, mental, or social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Mental Health - -A state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. What are the four D's of abnormality - -Deviance - Behave in ways outside the "norm." Distress - It is bothering/upsetting the person Dysfunction - can't perform daily functions Danger - Danger to themselves/others. Engaging in risky behaviors. -Many different definitions of abnormality What are the limitations of deviance - --From behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that differ from a society's ideas about proper functioning. -From social norms -Normal varies by person, time, place and culture. -Depends on specific circumstances What are the limitations of distress? - --Behaviors, ideas, or emotions usually have to cause distress before they can be labeled abnormal -Not always the case -But sometimes people are not bothered by deviant behaviors. What are the limitations of dysfunction? - --Interferes with daily functioning -Some people may seem normal, but that may not always be the case -Always have to look at context before calling people abnormal What are the limitations of Danger? - --Most people with mental disorders are not dangerous to other. -Danger is the exception rather than the rule The Elusive Nature of Abnormality - --Abnormality is often not consistently defined -Criteria for abnormality are often vague and subjective How did Thomas Szaz view mental illness? - -Szaz thought that societies invent the concept of mental illness to better control or change people who threaten social order. What is eccentricity? - -Unconventional behavior, but is seen as a hobby by the person participating CHLH 200 CHLH 200 What is meant by the "elusive nature of abnormality?" - --It is difficult to distinguish abnormal from eccentricity What is treatment? - -The combating of a disease or illness How was abnormality viewed during the Stone Age? - -Abnormal behavior = victory of evil spirits Treamtment = force the demons from the body through trephination and exorcism. How was abnormality viewed by the Greeks and Romans? - -They were philosophers and physicians Hippocrates = "father of modern medicine" Abnormal behavior = disease Treatment = correct internal physical cause How was abnormality viewed in Europe during the Middle Ages? - --500-1350 A.D. -Abnormality was seen as a conflict between good and evil -Treatment = rid the body of the devil -At the close of the middle ages, demonology and its methods began to lose favor -Medical perspective reemerged How was abnormality viewed during the Renaissance period? - -- A.D. -Rise of asylums - institutions whose primary purpose was to care for the mentally ill -Run by people who thought mental disorders were medical illnesses -Intention was good care, but because of overcrowding they became virtual prisons. The Nineteenth Century - Reform and Moral Treatment - --The treatment of people with mental disorders began to improve -Moral treatment = Sympathy and kindness; Freedom; sunlight rooms; Support; Advice -At the end of the 19th century you saw a decline of moral treatment, because state hospitals offered long term hospitilization What is the somatagenic perspective? - --Abnormal functioning has physical causes What is psychogenic perspective? - --Abnormal functioning has psychological causes Current trends in how psychological problems are treated - --Outpatient care -Medications -De-institutionalization -Prevention -Positive psychology -Multiculturalism -Managed care programs -Technology and cyber therapy CHLH 200 CHLH 200 What is the primary mode of treatment for people with sever disturbance? Less severe disturbance? - --Most severe - Outpatient care -Less severe - Prevention What is a model of abnormality? - --An explanation for events or behavior -Basic assumptions -Helps organize our thinking -It dictates questions we ask, Aspects of behavior we tune into, how we interpret information presented to us What is the biological model? - --Medical perspective -Abnormal behavior is an illness caused by physical malfunctions like anatomy, chemistry, and genetic abnormalities -Sources of abnormalities -Genes -Evolution -Viral infections -Biological treatments -Drug therapy -Electroconvulsive therapy (ETC) -Psychosurgery -Strengths -Easier to test - subjective -Have a lot of evidence to support it -Concrete -Medications are effective -Respected in the field -Weaknesses -All behavior cannot be explained in biological terms -Medications have side effects Summarize Freud's psychodynamic theory and how he explained abnormal functioning - --Freud believed that three central forces shape the personality - instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. -The ID -The Ego -The Superego -Freud said that at each stage of development, from infancy to maturity, new events challenge individuals and require adjustments in their ID, ego, and superego. If the adjustments are successful, they lead to personal growth, if not the person may become fixated or stuck at an early stage of development. Behavioral Model - --Abnormal behavior is a consequence of interactions between the individual and his/her environment -Deterministic -All behavior is learned CHLH 200 CHLH 200 -Strengths -Can be observed and measured -Weaknesses -All psychological disorders are not due to improper conditioning. -Too simplistic - we are not robots -Treatments are not always effective outside of the therapy room What is classical conditioning? - -learning occurs when two events repeatedly occur close together in time (pavlov) What is Operant conditioning? - -Behavior that leads to satisfying consequences is likely to be repeated What is the unconditioned stimulus? - -A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response What is a conditioned stimulus? - -Is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. What is an unconditioned response? - -Is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus What is a conditioned response? - -Is the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus Behavioral Therapies - -Goal = Identify behaviors that are causing problems and replace them with more appropriate behaviors Systematic Desensitization - --Therapy that aims to replace fear with relaxation -Steps 1. Relaxation 2. Fear Hierarchy 3. Imagine or face each hierarchy item while feeling relaxed Cognitive Model - --Abnormal behavior is a result of making assumptions, adopting unhelpful attitudes, or illogical thinking processes -Goal of cognitive therapy = Identify negative thoughts and develop new, realistic, and