WGU Nutrition D440 Midterm Continuous Exam 2025

Dietetics - -The use of evidence-based practices in the area of food and nutrition to improve and maintain good health Health vs Wellness - -Health - complete well being Wellness - full potential development Essential Nutrients - -carbs, protein, fats, minerals, vitamins and water Nonessential Nutrients - -amino acids and cholesterol What creates the info on food labels? - -RDA and RDI Percentage of calories burned by the thermal effect of food and exercise? - -TEF - 10 % Physical Activity - 15%-30% convert kilocalories (kcal) into kilojoules (kJ) - -multiply the number of kilocalories by 4.184 Whole grain vs refined whole grain - -refined only has 1 or 2 layers; whole has all 3 layers Dextrin - -group of carbohydrates broken down in the mouth because of amylase saliva Ptyalin - -aka salivary amylase Cellulose - -nondigestable dissacharide that adds bulk to the diet saturated fats are usually... - -animal products Omega is determined by - -where the first double bond is Hydrogenation - -moving the double bond to a different side to make it more shelf stable and creating trans fats Phospholipids are triglyceride derivatives in which a phosphate group replaces one fatty acid... Which makes it... - -partially hydrophobic and hydrophilic aka amphipathic major phospholipid produced by the liver, key building block of the lipid bilayer - eggs and liver - -Lecithin WGU D440 WGU D440 WGU D440 signaling hormones that exert local control over multiple functions in the body - Eiconasoids Plant fats are... - -monosaturated and polyunsaturated fats What breaksdown fat - -lingual lipase and ebner gland stomach only breaks down butterfat SI releases cholecystokinin when fat is here which triggers the gallbladder to release bile pancreatic lipase to breakdown triglycerides. Micelles - -when bile salts surround monoglycerides for absorption - high cholesterol medications get rid of bile salts so that this absorption can't happen Is bile reabsorbed? - -yes - by the hepatic portal vein What is the chemical group name for fats? - -Glycerides How many essential, nonessential, and conditional amino acids are there? - -9 essential 5 nonessential if you're eating your essentials and conditional on which disease you have that requires these Negative vs Positive nitrogen balance - -negative- excreting more nitrogen than eating (very harmful, body can feed on muscles of the body) positive- holding more nitrogen than excreting (growth periods) Blood proteins - -Hemoglobin - oxygen carrying and Transferrin - iron transport Complete proteins - -are of animal origin and have all essential amino acids (soy is complete even though it's a plant) (gelatin is not complete even though it's of animal origin) Zymogens - -stored protein enzymes and proenzymes Digestion of proteins - -mouth - mechanical begins in stomach -Hydrochloric acid -HA activates pepsinogen to become pepsid -Rennin - only in children to help digest milk SI - food activates trypsinogen to become trypsin -which then activates chymotrypsin(ogen) and (pro)carboxypeptidas(attacks acid end) -Aminopeptidase: attacks nitrogen end - Dipeptidase: takes all remaining dipeptides to make them single amino acids Nitrogen balance is a measure of overall - -protein balance WGU D440 WGU D440 Scurvy - -(VitC Deficiency) - breakdown of blood vessel walls with normal blood pressure causing blood in joints and eventually death What vitamins are stored? - -All fat soluble ones and water soluble vitamin b6 and b12 Osteoporosis vs Osteomalacia - -brittle bones vs soft bones (600IU's DRI) Vitamin E - aka - -Tocopherol - in fats, nuts and seeds, need in premature babies - is an antioxidant and protects polyunsaturated fats Vitamin A - aka - -retinol - for your eyes Vitamin K - -for clotting and bones need bile salts to absorb vitamin k Vitamin C - -Ascorbic acid - connective tissues and blood vessels walls - tomatoes, oranges, bell peppers and berries Vitamin b1 - -thiamin - provides energy to body - needed a lot in pregnancy - can cause beriberi without Vitamin b2 - -riboflavin - helps with rapidly dividing cells ( Deficiency Symptoms include cracked lips and mouth corners; a swollen, red tongue; burning, itching, or tearing eyes caused