OPRE 3360 Exam 1 Questions and Answers Fully Solved
Data - Answers the facts and figures collected, analyzed, and summarized for presentation and
interpretation.
Data Set - Answers All the data collected in a particular study
Elements - Answers entities on which data is collected
Variables - Answers A characteristic of interest for the elements
Observations - Answers Measurements obtained for a particular element
Data Values - Answers number of elements x number of variables
Categorical Data - Answers - referred to as qualitative data
-labels/names used to identify an attribute of elements
- Uses either nominal or ordinal scale of measurement
- Appropriate statistical analysis are rather limited
Quantitative Data - Answers - indicate how many or how much
>discrete: measuring how many
>continuous: measuring how much
- data are ALWAYS numeric
Nominal Scale Data - Answers -Names, Labels, or Categories only to identify an attribute of the element
(can be numeric or non-numeric)
- Does not have a particular ordering scheme
- Arithmetic operations not performed
Ordinal Data - Answers -Has all the characteristics of nominal data, PLUS:
>data can be arranged in some ordering scheme
>differences between data values cannot be determined or are meaningless
>applies to categories that can be ranked
Interval Data - Answers -Has all the characteristics of ordinal data, PLUS:
>differences in data values are meaningful
, >results from counting or measuring
>value of zero is arbitrarily chosen
>Always numeric
Ratio Data - Answers - Has all the characteristics of interval data, PLUS:
>data can be ranked and all arithmetic operations can be performed (division by zero excluded)
>the ratio of two values is meaningful
>the scale must contain a zero value indicating the absence of the characteristic
Cross-Sectional Data - Answers data collected at the same or approximately the same point in time.
Time Series Data - Answers consists of a single variable collected over several equally distant time
periods
Frequency Distributions - Answers A tabular summary of data showing the frequency (or number) of
items in each of several non-overlapping classes.
Relative Frequency Distribution - Answers A tabular summary showing the relative frequency for each
class.
Relative Frequency Distribution:
Frequency of the class/n
n = the # of observations in the data set
Percent Frequency Distributions - Answers A tabular summary showing the percent frequency of the
data for each class.
% Frequency of a class = relative frequency X 100%
Bar Charts - Answers A graphical device for depicting categorical data summarized in a frequency,
relative frequency or percent frequency distribution.
Pareto Diagram - Answers A bar chart where the bars are arranged in descending order of height from
left to right. (The most frequently occurring category appears first)
Data - Answers the facts and figures collected, analyzed, and summarized for presentation and
interpretation.
Data Set - Answers All the data collected in a particular study
Elements - Answers entities on which data is collected
Variables - Answers A characteristic of interest for the elements
Observations - Answers Measurements obtained for a particular element
Data Values - Answers number of elements x number of variables
Categorical Data - Answers - referred to as qualitative data
-labels/names used to identify an attribute of elements
- Uses either nominal or ordinal scale of measurement
- Appropriate statistical analysis are rather limited
Quantitative Data - Answers - indicate how many or how much
>discrete: measuring how many
>continuous: measuring how much
- data are ALWAYS numeric
Nominal Scale Data - Answers -Names, Labels, or Categories only to identify an attribute of the element
(can be numeric or non-numeric)
- Does not have a particular ordering scheme
- Arithmetic operations not performed
Ordinal Data - Answers -Has all the characteristics of nominal data, PLUS:
>data can be arranged in some ordering scheme
>differences between data values cannot be determined or are meaningless
>applies to categories that can be ranked
Interval Data - Answers -Has all the characteristics of ordinal data, PLUS:
>differences in data values are meaningful
, >results from counting or measuring
>value of zero is arbitrarily chosen
>Always numeric
Ratio Data - Answers - Has all the characteristics of interval data, PLUS:
>data can be ranked and all arithmetic operations can be performed (division by zero excluded)
>the ratio of two values is meaningful
>the scale must contain a zero value indicating the absence of the characteristic
Cross-Sectional Data - Answers data collected at the same or approximately the same point in time.
Time Series Data - Answers consists of a single variable collected over several equally distant time
periods
Frequency Distributions - Answers A tabular summary of data showing the frequency (or number) of
items in each of several non-overlapping classes.
Relative Frequency Distribution - Answers A tabular summary showing the relative frequency for each
class.
Relative Frequency Distribution:
Frequency of the class/n
n = the # of observations in the data set
Percent Frequency Distributions - Answers A tabular summary showing the percent frequency of the
data for each class.
% Frequency of a class = relative frequency X 100%
Bar Charts - Answers A graphical device for depicting categorical data summarized in a frequency,
relative frequency or percent frequency distribution.
Pareto Diagram - Answers A bar chart where the bars are arranged in descending order of height from
left to right. (The most frequently occurring category appears first)
