FNDH 620 ACTUAL FINAL PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTION
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Gastric Phase - ✔✔Food enters stomach - distention
Triggers mechanoreceptors
Gastrin and histamine released to stimulate acid and enzyme secretion
✔✔Intestinal Phase - ✔✔Mechanical and chemical events
Digestive hormones released
GIP, CCK inhibit gastrin secretion and motility
✔✔Major function(s) of stomach acid - ✔✔Parietal cells secrete gastric acid to create an
acidic environment to help with protein digestion
Denaturation
Activates pepsin
Liberates nutrients
Destroys microbes
✔✔Intrinsic factor - where its found and what it does - ✔✔Secreted from stomach
Vitamin B12 absorption
✔✔Pancreatic juice contents - ✔✔Enzymes as zymogens - activated by enterokinase in
duodenum
Bicarbonate to neutralize pH and enzymes for digestion
Amylase, lipase, trypsin and chymotripsin
✔✔AMDR for carbohydrates - ✔✔Acceptable macronutrient distribution range
45-65% of total energy
✔✔Mono-, saccharide definitions - ✔✔Simplest class of sugars
Classified based on carbon number
Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
✔✔di-, saccharide definitions - ✔✔Two monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Maltose = glucose + glucose
Lactose = glucose + galactose
✔✔polysaccharide definitions - ✔✔Repeating monosaccharide units
Often glucose
Can form chaines or branches
, ✔✔Bonds in chains vs branches - ✔✔Chains: Carbon 1-4
Branches: Carbon 1-6
✔✔oligo- saccharide definitions - ✔✔Medium length chains
Linked with the OH groups of neighboring monomer
Cannot break down - food for microbes in LI - gas
✔✔D vs. L stereoisomers for carbohydrates - ✔✔OH on right - D
OH on left - L
Most natural are in D
✔✔Sugar in the food supply - ✔✔*Starch in plants*
Amylose: 20%, straight chain (alpha 1-4)
Amylopectin: 80%, branched (alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6)
*Glycogen in animals*
Alpha 1-4 with more alpha 1-6 branchs
Not a significant source - decays after death
Storage form
✔✔Fiber recommendation for men and women under 50 - ✔✔
✔✔Carbohydrate digestion occurring in each organ of the GI tract - ✔✔Mouth: Salivary
amylase
Stomach: None
SI: Pancreatic amylase, Brush Border - maltase/sucrase/lactase/alpha-dextrinase
LI: Bacteria
✔✔Carbohydrate digestive enzymes - ✔✔Alpha-amylase
Alpha 1-6 dextrinase, isomaltase: brush border enzyme hydrolyse 1-6 linkage in starch
Enzymes in villi: maltase, lactase, sucrase
✔✔Glycemic Index vs. Glycemic Response vs. Glycemic Load - ✔✔Response: degree
and duration of BG elevation after consumption of food
Index: comparison of GR to standard glucose (50g)
Load: GI compared to serving size
✔✔Glucose transport proteins enterocytes - ✔✔SGLT1: 2 sodium for 1 Glucose or
galactose compete, uses active transport
GLUT5: Fructose through passive diffusion
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Gastric Phase - ✔✔Food enters stomach - distention
Triggers mechanoreceptors
Gastrin and histamine released to stimulate acid and enzyme secretion
✔✔Intestinal Phase - ✔✔Mechanical and chemical events
Digestive hormones released
GIP, CCK inhibit gastrin secretion and motility
✔✔Major function(s) of stomach acid - ✔✔Parietal cells secrete gastric acid to create an
acidic environment to help with protein digestion
Denaturation
Activates pepsin
Liberates nutrients
Destroys microbes
✔✔Intrinsic factor - where its found and what it does - ✔✔Secreted from stomach
Vitamin B12 absorption
✔✔Pancreatic juice contents - ✔✔Enzymes as zymogens - activated by enterokinase in
duodenum
Bicarbonate to neutralize pH and enzymes for digestion
Amylase, lipase, trypsin and chymotripsin
✔✔AMDR for carbohydrates - ✔✔Acceptable macronutrient distribution range
45-65% of total energy
✔✔Mono-, saccharide definitions - ✔✔Simplest class of sugars
Classified based on carbon number
Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
✔✔di-, saccharide definitions - ✔✔Two monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Maltose = glucose + glucose
Lactose = glucose + galactose
✔✔polysaccharide definitions - ✔✔Repeating monosaccharide units
Often glucose
Can form chaines or branches
, ✔✔Bonds in chains vs branches - ✔✔Chains: Carbon 1-4
Branches: Carbon 1-6
✔✔oligo- saccharide definitions - ✔✔Medium length chains
Linked with the OH groups of neighboring monomer
Cannot break down - food for microbes in LI - gas
✔✔D vs. L stereoisomers for carbohydrates - ✔✔OH on right - D
OH on left - L
Most natural are in D
✔✔Sugar in the food supply - ✔✔*Starch in plants*
Amylose: 20%, straight chain (alpha 1-4)
Amylopectin: 80%, branched (alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6)
*Glycogen in animals*
Alpha 1-4 with more alpha 1-6 branchs
Not a significant source - decays after death
Storage form
✔✔Fiber recommendation for men and women under 50 - ✔✔
✔✔Carbohydrate digestion occurring in each organ of the GI tract - ✔✔Mouth: Salivary
amylase
Stomach: None
SI: Pancreatic amylase, Brush Border - maltase/sucrase/lactase/alpha-dextrinase
LI: Bacteria
✔✔Carbohydrate digestive enzymes - ✔✔Alpha-amylase
Alpha 1-6 dextrinase, isomaltase: brush border enzyme hydrolyse 1-6 linkage in starch
Enzymes in villi: maltase, lactase, sucrase
✔✔Glycemic Index vs. Glycemic Response vs. Glycemic Load - ✔✔Response: degree
and duration of BG elevation after consumption of food
Index: comparison of GR to standard glucose (50g)
Load: GI compared to serving size
✔✔Glucose transport proteins enterocytes - ✔✔SGLT1: 2 sodium for 1 Glucose or
galactose compete, uses active transport
GLUT5: Fructose through passive diffusion
