Class 12 Physics: Ray Optics Notes
1. Reflection of Light
- Laws of Reflection:
- Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
- Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same plane
- Types:
- Regular Reflection: From smooth surfaces
- Diffuse Reflection: From rough surfaces
2. Spherical Mirrors
- Concave Mirror: Converging mirror
- Convex Mirror: Diverging mirror
- Important Terms:
- Pole (P): Geometric center of mirror surface
- Center of Curvature (C)
- Principal Axis: Line joining P and C
- Focal Point (F): Point where rays converge/diverge
- Focal Length (f): Distance between P and F
- Mirror Formula: (1/v) + (1/u) = (1/f)
- Magnification: m = h'/h = -v/u
3. Refraction of Light
- Snell's Law: n1 sin(i) = n2 sin(r)
- Refractive Index: n = c/v
- Light bends towards normal in denser medium and away in rarer medium
4. Total Internal Reflection (TIR)
Occurs when:
- Light travels from denser to rarer medium
- Angle of incidence > critical angle
1. Reflection of Light
- Laws of Reflection:
- Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
- Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same plane
- Types:
- Regular Reflection: From smooth surfaces
- Diffuse Reflection: From rough surfaces
2. Spherical Mirrors
- Concave Mirror: Converging mirror
- Convex Mirror: Diverging mirror
- Important Terms:
- Pole (P): Geometric center of mirror surface
- Center of Curvature (C)
- Principal Axis: Line joining P and C
- Focal Point (F): Point where rays converge/diverge
- Focal Length (f): Distance between P and F
- Mirror Formula: (1/v) + (1/u) = (1/f)
- Magnification: m = h'/h = -v/u
3. Refraction of Light
- Snell's Law: n1 sin(i) = n2 sin(r)
- Refractive Index: n = c/v
- Light bends towards normal in denser medium and away in rarer medium
4. Total Internal Reflection (TIR)
Occurs when:
- Light travels from denser to rarer medium
- Angle of incidence > critical angle
