NR668 Week 4 |! |! |!
Psychopharmacology exam with |! |!
precise solutions
|! |!
Pharmacodynamics - Correct answer ✔How the drug effects the body |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
-therapeutic vs. side effects |! |! |!
• Is it stimulating?
|! |! |!
• Is it depressing?
|! |! |!
• Does it block something?
|! |! |! |!
-Onset of action |! |!
• Route, Dosage
|! |!
-Duration of action |! |!
• Redistribution rate, metabolism rate and excretion rate
|! |! |! |! |! |! |!
-Mechanism of action |! |!
• Drugs simply speed up or slow down what is already occurring in the body
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
-Efficacy
• (Intrinsic activity) After binding, the drugs capacity to cause an effect
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
-Potency
• The amount of a drug needed to produce a given effect
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
efficacy examples - Correct answer ✔-Agonist (Efficacy = 100)
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
,-Partial Agonist (Efficacy = > 0 < 100)
|! |! |! |! |! |! |!
-Antagonist (Efficacy = 0.0) |! |! |!
-Inverse Agonist (Efficacy = < 0)
|! |! |! |! |!
Agonist: - Correct answer ✔Compounds which give maximal response after
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
receptor occupation and activation.
|! |! |!
-Example: Oxycodone |!
Partial Agonists: - Correct answer ✔Compounds which activate the receptor
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
but not at the maximal response.
|! |! |! |! |!
-Example Buprenorphine (Suboxone) or Buspirone
|! |! |! |!
Antagonist: - Correct answer ✔Blocks the action of an agonist.
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
-Example: Neuroleptics, Naloxone |! |!
Inverse Agonist: - Correct answer ✔Binds to receptor and has the opposite
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
action of an agonist and below baselinesignal transduction
|! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Pharmacokinetics - Correct answer ✔How the body effects the drug |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
-Absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME)
|! |! |! |! |!
-Metabolizing the drug via CYP450 through the gut & liver |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Bioavailability - Correct answer ✔Absorption: Drugs cross a barrier.
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
,-Involves bioavailability or Quantity of drug reaching circulation/quantityof
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
the drug administered.
|! |!
• Our own barriers such as skin and mucous membranes as well as food,
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
molecular weight, chemical, biological barriers, etc. reduce how much drug is
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
actually absorbed and available. IV route has 100% bioavailability. All other
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
routes <100% |!
First pass metabolism - Correct answer ✔-reduces the concentration of a drug
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
• travels through digestive system & entering the liver.
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
• reducing the bioavailability of the drug
|! |! |! |! |! |!
rate is reduced by: - Correct answer ✔-Route (IV, PO, Rectum, etc.)
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
-Dosage (Concentration) |!
-Lipid Solubility |!
Drugs that cross the BBB are _____________ - Correct answer ✔fat soluble
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Vd: Volume of distribution = ________ - Correct answer ✔amount of
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
drug/concentration
• large Volume of distribution may indicate the drug distributes extensively
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
into the body |! |!
• Vd is a theoretical fluid volume necessary to contain the total amount of a
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
drug at the same concentration observed in the plasma
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
, A patient who is in renal failure would have a increased or decreased Vd? -
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Correct answer ✔Increased because of fluid retention
|! |! |! |! |! |!
plasma protein binding - Correct answer ✔-cannot leave the circulation easily
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
-Free (unbound) crosses membranes
|! |! |!
-Two drugs that are both highly protein bound will compete with each other
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
• The unbound fraction goes through metabolism and is responsible for the
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
pharmacologic effects |!
-rapid weight loss may result in drugs being released from fat cells
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Drugs that are highly protein bound and have a narrow therapeutic index can
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
be dangerous because: - Correct answer ✔margin of error between
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
therapeutic and toxic is narrow |! |! |! |!
Metabolism - Correct answer ✔-Mostly in the liver |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
-Biotransformation or change it to inactive form or make it more water |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
soluble to facilitate excretion |! |! |!
• transformed substance is called the metabolite.
|! |! |! |! |! |!
The rate of metabolism is affected by: - Correct answer ✔-age, liver & drug
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
tolerance
• Body may produce more enzymes & the liver becomes faster at breaking
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
that particular drug down
|! |! |!
half life - Correct answer ✔this is the time it takes the peak level to fall by ½
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Psychopharmacology exam with |! |!
precise solutions
|! |!
Pharmacodynamics - Correct answer ✔How the drug effects the body |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
-therapeutic vs. side effects |! |! |!
• Is it stimulating?
|! |! |!
• Is it depressing?
|! |! |!
• Does it block something?
|! |! |! |!
-Onset of action |! |!
• Route, Dosage
|! |!
-Duration of action |! |!
• Redistribution rate, metabolism rate and excretion rate
|! |! |! |! |! |! |!
-Mechanism of action |! |!
• Drugs simply speed up or slow down what is already occurring in the body
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
-Efficacy
• (Intrinsic activity) After binding, the drugs capacity to cause an effect
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
-Potency
• The amount of a drug needed to produce a given effect
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
efficacy examples - Correct answer ✔-Agonist (Efficacy = 100)
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
,-Partial Agonist (Efficacy = > 0 < 100)
|! |! |! |! |! |! |!
-Antagonist (Efficacy = 0.0) |! |! |!
-Inverse Agonist (Efficacy = < 0)
|! |! |! |! |!
Agonist: - Correct answer ✔Compounds which give maximal response after
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
receptor occupation and activation.
|! |! |!
-Example: Oxycodone |!
Partial Agonists: - Correct answer ✔Compounds which activate the receptor
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
but not at the maximal response.
|! |! |! |! |!
-Example Buprenorphine (Suboxone) or Buspirone
|! |! |! |!
Antagonist: - Correct answer ✔Blocks the action of an agonist.
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
-Example: Neuroleptics, Naloxone |! |!
Inverse Agonist: - Correct answer ✔Binds to receptor and has the opposite
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
action of an agonist and below baselinesignal transduction
|! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Pharmacokinetics - Correct answer ✔How the body effects the drug |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
-Absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME)
|! |! |! |! |!
-Metabolizing the drug via CYP450 through the gut & liver |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Bioavailability - Correct answer ✔Absorption: Drugs cross a barrier.
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
,-Involves bioavailability or Quantity of drug reaching circulation/quantityof
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
the drug administered.
|! |!
• Our own barriers such as skin and mucous membranes as well as food,
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
molecular weight, chemical, biological barriers, etc. reduce how much drug is
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
actually absorbed and available. IV route has 100% bioavailability. All other
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
routes <100% |!
First pass metabolism - Correct answer ✔-reduces the concentration of a drug
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
• travels through digestive system & entering the liver.
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
• reducing the bioavailability of the drug
|! |! |! |! |! |!
rate is reduced by: - Correct answer ✔-Route (IV, PO, Rectum, etc.)
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
-Dosage (Concentration) |!
-Lipid Solubility |!
Drugs that cross the BBB are _____________ - Correct answer ✔fat soluble
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Vd: Volume of distribution = ________ - Correct answer ✔amount of
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
drug/concentration
• large Volume of distribution may indicate the drug distributes extensively
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
into the body |! |!
• Vd is a theoretical fluid volume necessary to contain the total amount of a
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
drug at the same concentration observed in the plasma
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
, A patient who is in renal failure would have a increased or decreased Vd? -
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Correct answer ✔Increased because of fluid retention
|! |! |! |! |! |!
plasma protein binding - Correct answer ✔-cannot leave the circulation easily
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
-Free (unbound) crosses membranes
|! |! |!
-Two drugs that are both highly protein bound will compete with each other
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
• The unbound fraction goes through metabolism and is responsible for the
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
pharmacologic effects |!
-rapid weight loss may result in drugs being released from fat cells
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Drugs that are highly protein bound and have a narrow therapeutic index can
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
be dangerous because: - Correct answer ✔margin of error between
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
therapeutic and toxic is narrow |! |! |! |!
Metabolism - Correct answer ✔-Mostly in the liver |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
-Biotransformation or change it to inactive form or make it more water |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
soluble to facilitate excretion |! |! |!
• transformed substance is called the metabolite.
|! |! |! |! |! |!
The rate of metabolism is affected by: - Correct answer ✔-age, liver & drug
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
tolerance
• Body may produce more enzymes & the liver becomes faster at breaking
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
that particular drug down
|! |! |!
half life - Correct answer ✔this is the time it takes the peak level to fall by ½
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
