TAMU BIOL 319 Exam 1 2025

Anatomy - -the study of structure Gross Anatomy - -large structures - visible without a microscope Systemic Anatomy - -systems of group structures - these systems DO overlap! Regional Anatomy - -studying every thing there is to know about one area of the body Histology - -tissues - microscopic anatomy - uses a light microscope Tissue - -group of cells that collectively make up your body in different combinations Types of Tissues - -connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous Cytology - -study of the structure of cells - microscopic anatomy - uses an electron microscope Physiology - -study of function - chemical, cytology, histology, organ, organ system, organism Organ - -a group of 2 or more tissues that perform at least one common function or process Organ System - -group of organs that work together to perform specific task - 10 Skeletal System - -provides support, meaningful movement & protection Bones - -hard part of skeletal system - work with muscles to provide movement - bone marrow is stored here Joints - -soft part of skeletal system - cartilage Skeleton stores.... - -Ca & Ph - withdrawn from bones into bloodstream to deliver to cells in need Phosphate - -required for DNA, RNA, ATP, protein phosphorylation Calcium - -necessary for nerve function, muscular contraction, intracellular signaling Scaffolding - -structure that everything hangs off of - muscles hang off of the skeleton Muscular System - -movement of bones and joints - helps produce body heat BIOL319 BIOL319 BIOL319 Cardiac Muscle - -only found in the heart - striated, mononuclear - involuntary control - makes up an entire system Skeletal Muscle - -striated, multinucleated - voluntary control - contributes the most to body mass Smooth Muscle - -NOT striated, mononuclear - involuntary control - lines organs All muscles are... - -made of cells who have a job to contract greatly Skeletal Muscle also... - -helps with reflexes and thermoregulation Nervous System - -cellular communication & control - CNS, PNS, sensory functions CNS - -controls activities of the body - brain & spinal cord - encapsulated by the skeleton PNS - -relayes information from CNS to body tissues - neurons & glial cells Cranial Nerve - -originates from nucleus within brain - 12 Spinal Nerve - -joining of ventral and dorsal roots from spinal cord - 31 Spinal cord can... - -make its own decisions, but it is not as sophisticated as the brain Integumentary System - -skin & associated structures - protection, detection, regulation Integumentary: Associated Structures - -hair, nails, sweat glands Integumentary: Size - -largest organ in the body - ~11 pounds Integumentary: Protection - -mechanical, chemical, biological Integumentary: Mechanical - -physical barrier between environment & body - keeps bacteria out - outer layer of skin is dead for reason! Integumentary: Chemical - -secretions kill bacteria - sweat & oil keep bacteria unhappy Integumentary: Biological - -skin cells destroy invaders - specific WBC are released throughout skin Epidermis - -superficial layer of the skin - comes in contact with the environment Keratinocyte - -most cells of epidermis - produce keratin - help resist abrasion & water loss BIOL319 BIOL319 Epidermal Layers - -stratum... corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale Stratum Basale - -epidermal stem cells & newly born epithelial cells - 1 to 2 layers thick with no direct blood supply Stem Cell - -stem from which all cells come from - when a cell divides, one turns into a cell of the stratum basale and the other becomes specialized elsewhere Merkle Cells - -release signaling molecule that travels short distance to activate a nerve ending reacting to pressure - quasi-neuronal Melanocytes - -pigment producing cell - found in stratum basale - absorbs energy & dissipates it as heat Melanocytes: Number - -number of melanocytes does not vary, but the amount of melanin varies between people Stratum Spinosum - -"spiny layer" - contain desmosomes - flatter than stratum basale cells Desmosomes - -patches of stickiness between cells - allow contact points that look like spines Soft Keratin - -protein strand made by cell that allows the cell to become much firmer than they once were Langerhann Cells - -found in spinosum - originate in bone marrow - mobile cells that tend to migrate to epithelial cells throughout the body Lamellar Body - -lipid droplets that are made in stratum spinosum & secreted in stratum granulosum Stratum Granulosum - -cells are on their death bed - too far away from blood supply - mitochondria/nucleus begin to fall apart Water-Tight Seal - -formed in stratum granulosum as lipid droplets are released into space between cells Stratum Granulsom: Keratin - -production & maturation - cells basically become filled with keratin Keratohyalin - -keratin protein granules accumulate in cytoplasm of cell - found in Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidum - -clear layer - found only in the thickest skin of the body BIOL319 BIOL319 Stratum Corneum - -completely dead, flattened shingles - "dead sacs of keratin" - thickest layer Squamous Cell Carcinoma - -originates in stratum spinosum, becomes cancerous in stratum corneum Skin Cancer - -cells stop respecting borders, invade other cells - potentially blood & lymphatic system Melanoma - -originates in melanocytes - most serious form of skin cancer - moves quickly throughout lymphatic system and into tissues/organs throughout body Basal Cell Carcinoma - -originates in stratum basale - most common, least aggressive, easily treated Gland - -any organ that secretes something Papillary Region - -most superficial 15% - areolar connective tissue - Meissner corpuscles Meissner Corpuscle - - Reticular Region - -deeper 80% - dense irregular connective tissue - elastic & collagen fibers - creates thickness of the skin Collagen Fibers - -make the dermis strong Elastic Fibers - -make the dermis stretchy Arrector Pili - -smooth muscle that causes goosebumps - pulls hair follicle to make hair stand up straight - involuntary movement, but can be influenced by conscious state Sweat Gland - -cells take interstitial fluid and turn it into sweat - part of integumentary & endocrine systems - salt regulation Eccrine Gland - -most superficial sweat gland - covers the entire body - evaporative cooling - acid mantle Acid Mantle - -salty, acidic sheen on surface of skin that keeps pH at level that bacteria do not like Sebaceous Gland - -oil glands - almost always associated with hair - has antibiotic properties called defensins BIOL319 BIOL319 Apocrine Gland - -sweat gland that becomes overactive after puberty - causes BO - concentrated around armpits/groin Pacinian Corpuscle - -made of dense connective tissue - have nerve endings that migrate to the center of the "onion" - NOT A CELL Melanin Deposition - -melanin amount is genetically determined, but influenced by the environment Jaundice - -turning yellow bc bile is entering