HNF 150 Exam 2 2025

Three components of amino acids - -anime group, acid group, and side chain How many essential amino acids exist? - -9 Why are adequate amounts of all essential amino acids required for protein synthesis? - -- each amino acid codes fro something different and your body needs to have all of them to make the proteins do its work - if any of these 9 essential amino acids are not present in sufficient amounts in out died, protein synthesis will be stopped (limited amino acid) Illustrate which factors differentiate proteins and the 7 roles of protein in the body - sequence and shape differentiates the proteins. Seven roles of protein: 1. Supporting growth and maintenance 2. Building enzymes, hormones, and other compounds 3. Transport and reddit Recognition proteins 4. Building antibodies 5. Maintaining acid base balance 6. Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance 7. Energy (and energy storage) Factors that differentiate proteins: differences in amino acid sequences, shape, some work `alone while others work together. State the different paths an amino acid can take once it is in a cell - -- the amino acid can be used as is to build part of a growing protein - make another needed compound, such as the vitamin niacin - make another type of amino acid - convert to glucose and burned as energy or store as glycogen - convert to fat and burned for energy or stored in adipose tissue Describe protein digestion and absorption from the mouth to the colon (figure 6-8). - stomach: acid denatures the protein strands and an enzyme cleaves amino acids strands into polypeptides and a few amino acids Small intestine: enzymes from the pancreas and the intestine split peptide strands into tripeptides, dipeptides and amino acids. The intestinal cells absorb and transfer amino acids to the bloodstream Bloodstream: transports amino acids to all the body's cells HNF 150 HNF 150 Describe the purpose and how to conduct a nitrogen balance study - -purpose: compare nitrogen lost by excretion with nitrogen eaten in food How to conduct: measure daily nitrogen loss in urine, feces, sweat, and skin under controlled conditions and then estimate the amount of protein needed to replace those losses. Define mutual supplementation and be able to recognize vegetarian meal plans that contain complementary proteins - -mutual supplementation: strategy of combining two incomplete protein sources so that the amino acids in one food make up for those lacking in the other food. Example: legumes and grains Marasmus - -chronic: severe deprivation of impaired absorption of protein energy, vitamin deficiency in calorie intake I. Develops slowly Ii. Severe weight loss/muscle wasting/fat loss Iii. Less than 2 years old Iv. Growth 60% weight for age V. No edema Vi. No fatty liver Vii. Anxiety, apathy Viii. Hair sparse and thin Ix. Skin is dry, thin, and wrinkled X. Looks emaciated Kwashiorkor - -acute: inadequate protein intake or infections I. Rapid onset Ii. Some weight loss/muscle wasting Iii. 1-3 years Iv. Growth 60-80% weight for age V. Edema Vi. Enlarged fatty liver Vii. Apathy, misery, irritability, sadness Viii. Loss of appetite Ix. Hair is dry, brittle, changes color X. Skin lesions Discuss economic, environmental and energy cost considerations when planning plant based and meat-containing diets - -assembling line meat factories consume enormous amounts of energy, pollute water supplies, and generate greenhouse gases. The amount of meat we consume, we kill 10 billion animals a year (15% of the world's total population). Even though there is hunger, majority of corn/soy grows to feed cattle, pigs, and chicken. Agriculture (feeding preparing meat) contributes to 3/4 of all water quality problems. Cattle is made for grass but is fed grain, grain fed animals contribute to health problems. HNF 150 HNF 150 Protein - -compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and arranged as strands of amino acids. Some amino acids also contain the element sulfur. Amino acid - -building block of a protein. Each has an amine group at one end, an acid group on the other end, and a distinctive side chain. Essential amino acid - -amino acids that either cannot be synthesized at all by the body or cannot be synthesized in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs. Also called indispensable amino acids. Conditionally essential amino acid - -an amino acid that is normally nonessential but must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when the need for it exceeds the body's ability to produce it. Protein synthesis - -the sequence of our protein determined by our genes Polypeptide - -protein fragments of many (more than 10) amino acids bonded together (poly means "many"). A peptide is a strand of amino acids. A strand between 4 and 10 amino acids is called an oligopeptide. Dipeptide - -protein fragments that are two amino acids long (di means "two") Tripeptide - -protein fragments that are 3 amino acids long (tri means"three") Hcl - -a strong corrosive acid of hydrogen and chloride atoms, produced by the stomach to assist in digestion. Denatures protein→ uncoils the strands Electrolyte balance - -the distribution of fluid and dissolved particles among body compartments. Enzyme - -proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process; protein catalysts. Edema - -swelling of body tissue caused by leakage of fluid from the blood vessels; seen in protein deficiency (among other conditions). Protein quality - -whether or not the body has all the essential amino acids needed to create its own working proteins. Limiting amino acid - -an essential amino acid that is present in dietary protein in an insufficient amount, thereby limiting the body's ability to build protein. High-quality protein - -dietary proteins containing all the essential amino acids in relation to the same amount that human beings may also contain nonessential amino acids. Complementary proteins - -two or more proteins whose amino acid assortments complement each other in such a way that th