PN 2002 Final Review Exam 2025

Perception - -a cognitive process by which a person transforms external sensory data into personalized images of reality Problem solving - -a comprehensive, sequential, cognitive process used to solve a problem by reducing the difference between current and desired confit Problem solving process- scientific method - -· define the problem · gather data · analyze data · develop solutions · implement solutions · evaluate solutions Decision-making - -is a process that chooses a preferred option or course of actions from among a set of alternatives based on given criteria or strategies. Decision making process - -· define problem · set goals/ identify evaluation criteria · identify alternatives for each outcome. · evaluate alternatives for each outcome Choose the preferred alternative Critical thinking - -analytical process in which you purposefully use specific thinking skills to make clinical decisions. What is conflict? - -an opportunity to understand opposing preferences and values Selective attention - -is the process of focusing on a particular object in the environment for a certain period. Negative self - --talk is any inner dialogue you have with yourself that may be limiting your ability to believe in yourself and your own abilities, and to reach your potential. Conflict resolution - -identifying sources of conflict, set goals, implement solutions. Conflict resolution Step 1: - -: make the approach · reflect before you begin · invite the other party to a conversation · be clear about your intentions · state your goal - a positive resolution PN 2002 PN 2002 Conflict resolution step 2: share perspectives - -· ask for the other persons perspective · paraphrase what you hear · acknowledge their contribution · describe your perspective Name the issue · identify topics that others view as important · use concise and neutral language · avoid pronouns (she is, you are, he is) · use issues to create the agenda Conflict resolution step 3: build understanding - -discuss one issue at a time · clarify assumptions · explore interests and feelings Conflict resolution step 4: agree on solution - -· reality test: is this doable? · durability test: is this durable? · interest test: does this meet all parties' interests? Conflict resolution step 5: plan next steps - -· create an action plan · what needs to happen · how will interaction take place if problems occur? Compromising - -an approach to conflict resolution that involves both assertiveness and cooperation on the part of everyone Summarizing - -is an active listening skill used to review content and process. Ethnicity - -- the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition. Health inequity - -differences in health status or in the distribution of health resources between different population groups, arising from the social conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. Mutuality - -the recognition of reificatory in which we value and support the well-being of patients Culture - -the social behavior and norms found in human societies. Culture aspects - -- language, customs, values, norms, mores, rules, tools, technologies, products, organizations, and institutions Cultural competency - -a set of cultural behaviors and attitudes integrated into the practice methods of a system, agency or its professionals which enables them to work PN 2002 PN 2002 effectively in cross cultural situations. The ability to interact effectively with people of different backgrounds Cultural humility - -- the ability to maintain an interpersonal stance that is open to others Cultural diversity - -- variations among cultural groups. Ethnocentrism - -- the attitude that one's own group, ethnicity, or nationality is superior to others. Empathy - -- the ability to be sensitive to and communicate understanding of the patient's feelings. - therapeutic communication technique Sympathy - -- understanding between people; common feeling. - not used in nursing practice Sbar - -- situation, background, assessment, recommendations · is a communication tool that provides a method of clearly communicating the pertinent information from a clinical encounter · situation: client details, identify reason for communication, describe concerns - -client details, identify reason for communication, describe concerns · background - -provide clear, relevant background information on the patient · assessment: - -state your professional conclusion, based on the situation and background (vitals, alert, or not responding) · recommendation - -being specific of what you need from the person whom you're talking to Aphasia - -- total loss of speech and language skills cause by brain injury. · common causes are stroke (cva), head injury, brain infection and cancer. · three types: receptive aphasia, expressive aphasia, or both · client with aphasia has many emotional needs Apraxia - -is caused by damage to the motor speech area in the outer part of the brain · difficult to understand - speech is usually slow · inconsistent speech is common · difficult to put words in the right order, or find words Dysarthria - -- difficulty speaking clearly due to the paralysis of speech muscles Dysphasia - -- is a partial loss of language and speech skills Communicating with someone who has cognitive impairment: - -· face to face PN 2002 PN 2002 · eye contact · speak slowly and clearly · calm, gentle approach · use short sentences · allow natural breaks and periods of silence · one message at a time · repeat the message · use actions, along with words · use humor and cheerfulness Paraphrasing - -- transforming the patient's words into the nurse's words while keeping the meaning intact Validation - -- a form of feedback involving verbal and non-verbal confirmation of both participants have the same basic understanding of a message. Feedback loops validate information that is being received False reassurance - -- using pseudo comforting phrases to offer reassurance. (non therapeutic technique) Mutuality - -- an agreement on problems and the means of resolving them. Commitment of both parties to enhance well-being. Clarifying - -- therapeutic active listening strategy designed to aid in understanding communication by asking more information or elaboration on point. Feedback - -- a message given by the nurse to the patient in response to a message or observed behaviour What is bpsd? - -behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia Personal space - -- the invisible and changing boundary around an individual that provides sense of comfort and protection. 4 steps on giving constructive feedback - -· prepare: do not go into a situation without careful forethought and planning. Practice what you want to say and how to say it · identify the positive: find something the person did to complement them on · present the constructive feedback: once you get their attention, pause a little bit, and let the feelings solidify and then direct them into the constructive feedback part · consolidate: after giving the feedback, make sure to not leave them feeling deflated. The conclusion is that there was a good base to start with Receiving constructive feedback - -· focus on the content, not the person: assume the person giving the feedback has good intent and is concerned about the work or resident. It is not a personal issue PN 2002 PN 2002 · listen calmly and attentively: get the complete picture so you can understand the context, tune in fully as listening will help keep a positive tone, and try to keep any immediate negative response/reactions you may have in check · clarify the feedback: ask questions to gather the information you need and to be certain you fully understand · acknowledge the other person's concern: show you value the other person's point of view, point to common goals and objectives, and express your willingness to engage in mutual problem solving · avoid defending or over explaining correct any inaccuracies you hear, but try to avoid arguments, if necessary, take time out before responding in order to sort out what you want to say · welcome suggestions: thank the person for giving feedback and find the most important thing you can do differently to better your skills or resident care · evaluate the feedback: decide what changes you can make and implement them, let the person know that you have implemented the changes stemmed from the feedback and that it has made a difference. Nurse-patient relationship - -orientation, identification, exploitation, resolution, and termination. What can you say to a client who is emotional/crying or anxious? List examples - -- use active listening to show acceptance - being honest, answering all questions - encouraging self-affirmation "i will" "i can" - therapeutic touch - guided imagery - speak clear - be calm and unhurried - set reasonable limits and provide structure - allow time - be present and with the patient Review communication theory - -communication theory explains the production of information, how its transmitted, the meth