DTC 202 Final Exam Questions &
Answers
water- intercellular - ANSWERSWater is located either within the cell (intracellular). Intracellular
water is dependent on potassium and phosphate. 2/3 of body water.
water -Extracellular - ANSWERSExtracellular water is outside the cell. Extracellular water can
either reside between cells (interstitial fluid) or it can be in intravascular or in the bloodstream.
Depends on sodium concentrations. 1/3 of body water
Electrolyte - ANSWERSCompounds that separate into ions in water and are thus able to conduct
an electrical current. These include sodium, chloride and potassium.
Water balance is dependent on electrolytes.
Cations (+): Na+ outside cell, K+ inside cell, Mg+ inside cell
Anions (-): Cl- outside cell, Phosphate (HPO4=) inside cell, S- inside cell
The principal electrolytes in body fluids are sodium, chloride, phosphorus and potassium. Each
is maintained at a constant concentration by means of renal (kidney) excretion. The electrolytes
are involved in maintaining water and acid-base balance. Fluid and electrolyte imbalances can
become medical emergencies. Sodium is abundant in the diet, as part of salt. Deficiencies are
rare except in dehydration.
Osmosis - ANSWERSMovement of water from a less concentrated to a more concentrated
solution
The flow of water across a membrane toward an area of solute concentration (water flows to
solute to dilute solute). Flow creates pressure "osmotic pressure"
,Osmotic pressure - ANSWERSamt of force to prevent the movement of water across a
membrane
Water functions - ANSWERScarries nutrients and waste products, maintains the structure of
large molecules such as proteins and glycogen, participates in metabolic reactions, serves as the
solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and other small molecules. Acts as a
lubricant and cushion around joins and inside the eyes, spinal cord, and amniotic sac. Aids in
regulation of body temperature, maintains blood volume.
water loss - ANSWERSobligatory water excretion min of 500 millilters or 2 cups. Urine, lungs as
vapor, skin as sweat, some in feces. Amt depends on heat, humidity, physical conditions. Total
loss about 2500 millilters
water sources - ANSWERSwater, beverages, foods like fruits and vegetables, meats and cheeses
metabolic water - ANSWERS-water produced as a result of the oxidation of energy nutrients
Is the generated as an end product during condensation reactions and the oxidation of energy-
yielding nutrients. When foods break down carbons & hydrogen combine with oxygen to yield
carbon dioxide and water.
water- hormones - ANSWERSkidney control bodies water content by way of hormone ADH.
Kidneys regulate the electrolyte content by aldosterone.
ADH - ANSWERSanti diuretic hormone produces by the pituitary glad in response to dehydration
or high sodium concentration; stimulates the kidney to reabsorb more water and therefore to
excrete less.
aldosterone - ANSWERSa hormone secreted by the adrenal glads the regulates blood pressure
by increasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys. also regulates chloride and potassium
, water fluid balance - ANSWERSmaintain balance of 2/3 body fluids inside cells and 1/3 outside
cells. If too much water inside cells might rupture, too little might collapse. To control
movement of water cells direct movement of major minerals. Electrolytes attract water.
minerals-major - ANSWERSnutrients that body requires in large amts more that 100mg.
Essential mineral Sodium (Na), Chloride (Cl), Potassium (K), Calcium , Phosphorus (P),
Magnesium (MG), Sulfur (S)
minerals - trace - ANSWERSessential nutrients required in small amts. less than 100mg
sodium - functions - ANSWERSprincipal cation of extracellular fluid and primary regulator of its
volume. helps maintain acid-base balance essential to nerve impulse transmission and muscle
contraction.
sodium- kidney regulation - ANSWERSkidneys filter sodium out of blood and then returns it to
the blood with the exact amt needed.
sodium- recommendation intake - ANSWERS1500 mg 19-50 yrs, 1300 mg 51-70 yrs, 1200 mg
+70 yrs
Upper level is set 2300 mg average for adults in US 3400 mg.
High sodium intake correlate wit high blood pressure,
sodium- food high in - ANSWERSProcessed foods are highest in sodium.
sodium- primary deficency - ANSWERSdeficiency unlikely because even when intakes are low,
body conserves it and losses less thur sweat and urine.
sodium - secondary deficiency - ANSWERSblood sodium may drop with vomiting, diarrhea,
heavy sweating
Answers
water- intercellular - ANSWERSWater is located either within the cell (intracellular). Intracellular
water is dependent on potassium and phosphate. 2/3 of body water.
water -Extracellular - ANSWERSExtracellular water is outside the cell. Extracellular water can
either reside between cells (interstitial fluid) or it can be in intravascular or in the bloodstream.
Depends on sodium concentrations. 1/3 of body water
Electrolyte - ANSWERSCompounds that separate into ions in water and are thus able to conduct
an electrical current. These include sodium, chloride and potassium.
Water balance is dependent on electrolytes.
Cations (+): Na+ outside cell, K+ inside cell, Mg+ inside cell
Anions (-): Cl- outside cell, Phosphate (HPO4=) inside cell, S- inside cell
The principal electrolytes in body fluids are sodium, chloride, phosphorus and potassium. Each
is maintained at a constant concentration by means of renal (kidney) excretion. The electrolytes
are involved in maintaining water and acid-base balance. Fluid and electrolyte imbalances can
become medical emergencies. Sodium is abundant in the diet, as part of salt. Deficiencies are
rare except in dehydration.
Osmosis - ANSWERSMovement of water from a less concentrated to a more concentrated
solution
The flow of water across a membrane toward an area of solute concentration (water flows to
solute to dilute solute). Flow creates pressure "osmotic pressure"
,Osmotic pressure - ANSWERSamt of force to prevent the movement of water across a
membrane
Water functions - ANSWERScarries nutrients and waste products, maintains the structure of
large molecules such as proteins and glycogen, participates in metabolic reactions, serves as the
solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and other small molecules. Acts as a
lubricant and cushion around joins and inside the eyes, spinal cord, and amniotic sac. Aids in
regulation of body temperature, maintains blood volume.
water loss - ANSWERSobligatory water excretion min of 500 millilters or 2 cups. Urine, lungs as
vapor, skin as sweat, some in feces. Amt depends on heat, humidity, physical conditions. Total
loss about 2500 millilters
water sources - ANSWERSwater, beverages, foods like fruits and vegetables, meats and cheeses
metabolic water - ANSWERS-water produced as a result of the oxidation of energy nutrients
Is the generated as an end product during condensation reactions and the oxidation of energy-
yielding nutrients. When foods break down carbons & hydrogen combine with oxygen to yield
carbon dioxide and water.
water- hormones - ANSWERSkidney control bodies water content by way of hormone ADH.
Kidneys regulate the electrolyte content by aldosterone.
ADH - ANSWERSanti diuretic hormone produces by the pituitary glad in response to dehydration
or high sodium concentration; stimulates the kidney to reabsorb more water and therefore to
excrete less.
aldosterone - ANSWERSa hormone secreted by the adrenal glads the regulates blood pressure
by increasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys. also regulates chloride and potassium
, water fluid balance - ANSWERSmaintain balance of 2/3 body fluids inside cells and 1/3 outside
cells. If too much water inside cells might rupture, too little might collapse. To control
movement of water cells direct movement of major minerals. Electrolytes attract water.
minerals-major - ANSWERSnutrients that body requires in large amts more that 100mg.
Essential mineral Sodium (Na), Chloride (Cl), Potassium (K), Calcium , Phosphorus (P),
Magnesium (MG), Sulfur (S)
minerals - trace - ANSWERSessential nutrients required in small amts. less than 100mg
sodium - functions - ANSWERSprincipal cation of extracellular fluid and primary regulator of its
volume. helps maintain acid-base balance essential to nerve impulse transmission and muscle
contraction.
sodium- kidney regulation - ANSWERSkidneys filter sodium out of blood and then returns it to
the blood with the exact amt needed.
sodium- recommendation intake - ANSWERS1500 mg 19-50 yrs, 1300 mg 51-70 yrs, 1200 mg
+70 yrs
Upper level is set 2300 mg average for adults in US 3400 mg.
High sodium intake correlate wit high blood pressure,
sodium- food high in - ANSWERSProcessed foods are highest in sodium.
sodium- primary deficency - ANSWERSdeficiency unlikely because even when intakes are low,
body conserves it and losses less thur sweat and urine.
sodium - secondary deficiency - ANSWERSblood sodium may drop with vomiting, diarrhea,
heavy sweating
