NR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MIDTERM QUESTIONS WITH 100% ACCURATE
ANSWERS
Hypersensitivity: Type 1 - Accurate answers Type 1: Allergic reaction, Mediated by IgE,
Inflammation due to mast cell degranulation
Local symptoms:
-itching
-rash
Systemic symptoms:
-wheezing
Most dangerous = anaphylactic reaction
systemic response of hypotension, severe bronchoconstriction
Main treatment: epinephrine reverses the effects
Hypersensitivity: Type 2 - Accurate answers Type 2: Cytotoxic reaction; tissue specific (ex: thyroid
tissue)
Macrophages are the primary effectors cells involved
Can cause tissue damage or alter function
Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism) - example of altering thyroid function, but does not destroy thyroid
tissue
Incompatible blood type- example of cell/tissue damage that occurs; severe transfusion reaction occurs
and the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination or complement-mediated lysis.
Type 1 Hypersensitivity VS. Type 2 Hypersensitivity - Accurate answers Type 1 Hypersensitivity
Organ Specific
Antibody binds to the antigen on the cell surface
Type 2 Hypersensitivity
Not Organ Specific
Antibody binds to the soluble antigen outside the cell surface that was released into the blood or body
fluids, and the complex is then deposited in the tissues
Hypersensitivity: Type 3 - Examples - Accurate answers Rheumatoid arthritis: Antigen/antibodies
are deposited in the joints
, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)- very closely related to autoimmunity- antigen/antibodies deposit
in organs that cause tissue damage
Hypersensitivity: Type 4 - Accurate answers Delayed response
Does not involve antigen/antibody complexes like Types 1, 2 and 3
Is T-cell mediated
Differentiating Between the Rash of a Type 1 vs. Type 4 Reaction: - Accurate answers Type 1:
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, termed atopic dermatitis, are usually characterized by widely
distributed lesions
Type 4: Contact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity) consists of lesions only at the site of contact with
the allergen
The key determinant is the timing of the rash:
-Type 1 = Immediate
-Type 4 = Delayed: Several days following contact, ex would be poison ivy
Treatment of Type 4 Rash - Accurate answers A non-severe case of contact dermatitis would be
treated with topical corticosteroid.
Why not epinephrine or antihistamines?
-Epinephrine is for emergent Type 1 anaphylactic reactions. Antihistamines act on the H1 receptors.
Type 4 does not involve mast cells and H1 receptors.
Antibiotics not appropriate since not an infection
Autoimmunity - Accurate answers Autoimmune disease can be familial, Affected family members
may not all develop the same disease, but several members may have different disorders characterized
by a variety of hypersensitivity reactions, These include autoimmune and allergic reactions
Associations with particular autoimmune diseases have been identified for a variety of major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles or non-MHC genes
Alloimmunity - Accurate answers General term used to describe when an individual's immune
system reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species.
Examples: Neonatal disease where the maternal immune system becomes sensitized against antigens
expressed by the fetus, Transplant rejection, Transfusion reaction
Primary Immunodeficiency - Accurate answers Most primary immune deficiencies are result of
single gene defects
Something is lacking with the immune system itself.
Example: B-lymphocyte deficiency - one of the most severe forms of a primary immunodeficiency
MIDTERM QUESTIONS WITH 100% ACCURATE
ANSWERS
Hypersensitivity: Type 1 - Accurate answers Type 1: Allergic reaction, Mediated by IgE,
Inflammation due to mast cell degranulation
Local symptoms:
-itching
-rash
Systemic symptoms:
-wheezing
Most dangerous = anaphylactic reaction
systemic response of hypotension, severe bronchoconstriction
Main treatment: epinephrine reverses the effects
Hypersensitivity: Type 2 - Accurate answers Type 2: Cytotoxic reaction; tissue specific (ex: thyroid
tissue)
Macrophages are the primary effectors cells involved
Can cause tissue damage or alter function
Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism) - example of altering thyroid function, but does not destroy thyroid
tissue
Incompatible blood type- example of cell/tissue damage that occurs; severe transfusion reaction occurs
and the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination or complement-mediated lysis.
Type 1 Hypersensitivity VS. Type 2 Hypersensitivity - Accurate answers Type 1 Hypersensitivity
Organ Specific
Antibody binds to the antigen on the cell surface
Type 2 Hypersensitivity
Not Organ Specific
Antibody binds to the soluble antigen outside the cell surface that was released into the blood or body
fluids, and the complex is then deposited in the tissues
Hypersensitivity: Type 3 - Examples - Accurate answers Rheumatoid arthritis: Antigen/antibodies
are deposited in the joints
, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)- very closely related to autoimmunity- antigen/antibodies deposit
in organs that cause tissue damage
Hypersensitivity: Type 4 - Accurate answers Delayed response
Does not involve antigen/antibody complexes like Types 1, 2 and 3
Is T-cell mediated
Differentiating Between the Rash of a Type 1 vs. Type 4 Reaction: - Accurate answers Type 1:
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, termed atopic dermatitis, are usually characterized by widely
distributed lesions
Type 4: Contact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity) consists of lesions only at the site of contact with
the allergen
The key determinant is the timing of the rash:
-Type 1 = Immediate
-Type 4 = Delayed: Several days following contact, ex would be poison ivy
Treatment of Type 4 Rash - Accurate answers A non-severe case of contact dermatitis would be
treated with topical corticosteroid.
Why not epinephrine or antihistamines?
-Epinephrine is for emergent Type 1 anaphylactic reactions. Antihistamines act on the H1 receptors.
Type 4 does not involve mast cells and H1 receptors.
Antibiotics not appropriate since not an infection
Autoimmunity - Accurate answers Autoimmune disease can be familial, Affected family members
may not all develop the same disease, but several members may have different disorders characterized
by a variety of hypersensitivity reactions, These include autoimmune and allergic reactions
Associations with particular autoimmune diseases have been identified for a variety of major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles or non-MHC genes
Alloimmunity - Accurate answers General term used to describe when an individual's immune
system reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species.
Examples: Neonatal disease where the maternal immune system becomes sensitized against antigens
expressed by the fetus, Transplant rejection, Transfusion reaction
Primary Immunodeficiency - Accurate answers Most primary immune deficiencies are result of
single gene defects
Something is lacking with the immune system itself.
Example: B-lymphocyte deficiency - one of the most severe forms of a primary immunodeficiency
