Health,
Fitness,
and
Wellness
C458
, Health, Fitness, and Wellness C458
Unit 1: Physical Health, Module 1: Creating Movement
A: Skeletal System-consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons (20% of body weight).
Humans are vertebrates w/vertebral column spine aka backbone.
1) Bones: rigid skeleton constitutes internal framework the body needs to stand,
also supports/protects soft organs of body
Skull protects brain, eyes, nose.
Human skeleton has 206 bones.
4 classifications: long, short, flat, and irregular
2) Joints aka articulation: area where two bones come together.
3 categories based on range of movement: immovable, slightly movable, freely movable.
Shoulder is freely movable.
3) Cartilage: tough flexible tissue covers ends of bones of freely movable joints, protects
bones via preventing rubbing. Gives shape/support other body parts (ears, nose,
windpipe).
4) Ligament: connective tissue binds one bone to another. Helps hold structures
together, allows for side-to-side stability.
ACL attaches thigh to shin and stabilizes knee joint.
5) Tendons: connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone and aids in movement
of bone/structure.
Achilles tendon connects calf muscles to heel bone.
B: The Muscular System- enable heart to beat, chest rise/fall, blood vessels to regulate
pressure/bloodflow, smiling, talking, exercising to stay fit/healthy.
Responsible for movement. Contraction: posture, joint stability, heat production.
3 types of muscle: striated, smooth, cardiac
1) Striated aka skeletal muscle: moves all bones, controls facial expression/eye
movements. Muscle fibers have an appearance of lines aka striations when viewed under
miscroscope.
2) Smooth muscle aka visceral: lines walls of interna orgs, e.g. intestines.
Cardiac muscle: combo of both striated and smooth, only example is the heart.
,C: The Nervous System: the control center for all actions that occur consciously and
unconsciously and the communication among body parts.
Functions: one of most complex body systems. >100 Bill nerve cells operate in body for
voluntary/involuntary activities. Major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in
body. Specific functions include receiving sensory input, sending signals to brain, regulating
homeostasis, communicating throughout body for movement.
Homeostasis- state of balance among all body systems needed for body to survive and
function correctly.
The nervous system is classified into 2 major divisions:
1) Central Nervous System (CNS): Nerves inside the brain and spinal
cord that send signals to other parts of body. Messages in CNS travel
through spinal cord to brain, and brain directs all functions for body.
2) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): All nerves outside of the brain and spinal
cord. The PNS innervates and communicates with sensory organs: eyes, ears, nose,
and mouth. Sense organs have sensitive cells that react to sound waves, light, and
movement. Sensory info received by sensitive cells is sent through cranial nerves
to brain.
Peripheral=supplemental, accessory, or outer part.
PNS relays messages between CNS and other areas of body,
including sensory organs.
, Nerves: specialized cells that carry nerve impulses
from one part of the body to another. Together with
CNS and PNS, they make up the nervous system.
Blood, Air, Food, and Waste
Humans need oxygen/food to survive. Respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, and urinary
systems work together to use oxygen to convert foods into energy and excrete byproducts.
Functions, major organs, and interactions between body systems:
1) Respiratory System- 20K breaths/day triggered by
respiratory system. Works w/ cardiovascular system to provide
O2 to cells, remove waste products (CO2).
Organs: lungs, passageways for air flow, blood vessels, and
muscles.
a) Lungs=primary org of resp system where gas exchange
occurs (O2 and CO2) during breathing. Lungs lie on either
side of breastbone, fill inside of chest cavity.
b) Respiratory passages:
Upper: nose, pharynx (throat), and larynx (voice box).
Lower: trachea (windpipe), bronchial tree (primary bronchi), and lungs.
Function: Respiration: the sequence of events resulting in delivery of O2 into body followed by
transfer of CO2 out of body. Exchange occurs in alveoli: tiny air sacs in lungs. During
respiration, O2 is delivered from air through resp passages into alveoli in lungs, where it
moves into blood in capillaries. In exchange, CO2 moves from blood into air sacs and
through resp passages, expelled through mouth/nose.
Fitness,
and
Wellness
C458
, Health, Fitness, and Wellness C458
Unit 1: Physical Health, Module 1: Creating Movement
A: Skeletal System-consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons (20% of body weight).
Humans are vertebrates w/vertebral column spine aka backbone.
1) Bones: rigid skeleton constitutes internal framework the body needs to stand,
also supports/protects soft organs of body
Skull protects brain, eyes, nose.
Human skeleton has 206 bones.
4 classifications: long, short, flat, and irregular
2) Joints aka articulation: area where two bones come together.
3 categories based on range of movement: immovable, slightly movable, freely movable.
Shoulder is freely movable.
3) Cartilage: tough flexible tissue covers ends of bones of freely movable joints, protects
bones via preventing rubbing. Gives shape/support other body parts (ears, nose,
windpipe).
4) Ligament: connective tissue binds one bone to another. Helps hold structures
together, allows for side-to-side stability.
ACL attaches thigh to shin and stabilizes knee joint.
5) Tendons: connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone and aids in movement
of bone/structure.
Achilles tendon connects calf muscles to heel bone.
B: The Muscular System- enable heart to beat, chest rise/fall, blood vessels to regulate
pressure/bloodflow, smiling, talking, exercising to stay fit/healthy.
Responsible for movement. Contraction: posture, joint stability, heat production.
3 types of muscle: striated, smooth, cardiac
1) Striated aka skeletal muscle: moves all bones, controls facial expression/eye
movements. Muscle fibers have an appearance of lines aka striations when viewed under
miscroscope.
2) Smooth muscle aka visceral: lines walls of interna orgs, e.g. intestines.
Cardiac muscle: combo of both striated and smooth, only example is the heart.
,C: The Nervous System: the control center for all actions that occur consciously and
unconsciously and the communication among body parts.
Functions: one of most complex body systems. >100 Bill nerve cells operate in body for
voluntary/involuntary activities. Major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in
body. Specific functions include receiving sensory input, sending signals to brain, regulating
homeostasis, communicating throughout body for movement.
Homeostasis- state of balance among all body systems needed for body to survive and
function correctly.
The nervous system is classified into 2 major divisions:
1) Central Nervous System (CNS): Nerves inside the brain and spinal
cord that send signals to other parts of body. Messages in CNS travel
through spinal cord to brain, and brain directs all functions for body.
2) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): All nerves outside of the brain and spinal
cord. The PNS innervates and communicates with sensory organs: eyes, ears, nose,
and mouth. Sense organs have sensitive cells that react to sound waves, light, and
movement. Sensory info received by sensitive cells is sent through cranial nerves
to brain.
Peripheral=supplemental, accessory, or outer part.
PNS relays messages between CNS and other areas of body,
including sensory organs.
, Nerves: specialized cells that carry nerve impulses
from one part of the body to another. Together with
CNS and PNS, they make up the nervous system.
Blood, Air, Food, and Waste
Humans need oxygen/food to survive. Respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, and urinary
systems work together to use oxygen to convert foods into energy and excrete byproducts.
Functions, major organs, and interactions between body systems:
1) Respiratory System- 20K breaths/day triggered by
respiratory system. Works w/ cardiovascular system to provide
O2 to cells, remove waste products (CO2).
Organs: lungs, passageways for air flow, blood vessels, and
muscles.
a) Lungs=primary org of resp system where gas exchange
occurs (O2 and CO2) during breathing. Lungs lie on either
side of breastbone, fill inside of chest cavity.
b) Respiratory passages:
Upper: nose, pharynx (throat), and larynx (voice box).
Lower: trachea (windpipe), bronchial tree (primary bronchi), and lungs.
Function: Respiration: the sequence of events resulting in delivery of O2 into body followed by
transfer of CO2 out of body. Exchange occurs in alveoli: tiny air sacs in lungs. During
respiration, O2 is delivered from air through resp passages into alveoli in lungs, where it
moves into blood in capillaries. In exchange, CO2 moves from blood into air sacs and
through resp passages, expelled through mouth/nose.
