Aqa Gcse Geography Glossary Actual Exam | Questions And Answers (Complete Solutions)

AQA GCSE GEOGRAPHY GLOSSARY ACTUAL EXAM | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (COMPLETE SOLUTIONS) Urbanization - CORRECT ANSWER - People moving to towns and cities Where is urbanization happening fastest? - CORRECT ANSWER - poorer countries Push factors for urbanization - CORRECT ANSWER - Natural disasters Mechanization of agricultural equipment Desertification Conflict Push factors - CORRECT ANSWER - Make you leave Pull factors - CORRECT ANSWER - Make you go Pull factors for urbanization - CORRECT ANSWER - More jobs Better healthcare Family members Quality of life Social opportunities of urban growth in NEE's - CORRECT ANSWER - Better access to services Better access to resources Economic opportunities of urban growth in NEE's - CORRECT ANSWER - Increase Economic development More jobs and better wages Industries Social challenges of urban growth in NEE's - CORRECT ANSWER - Badly built squatters No access to basic services Unclean Little education Unemployment and crime Environmental challenges of urban growth in NEE's - CORRECT ANSWER - Rubbish isn't collected Air pollution Sewage Road system is overcrowded Upland regions of Northern Scotland are - CORRECT ANSWER - Sparsely populated due to being difficult to farm and no natural resources Coastal areas have attracted human settlements - CORRECT ANSWER - For harbours and ports London is - CORRECT ANSWER - Uk's biggest city with 8.6 million people Where is Central Business district (CBD) usually in towns - CORRECT ANSWER - Central areas near bus/train stations Uses of inner city - CORRECT ANSWER - Residential areas and recreational parks Rural-urban fringe - CORRECT ANSWER - New housing and development of business parks etc Suburbs are found - CORRECT ANSWER - Near edge of city Immigrant communities are created by - CORRECT ANSWER - Low cost housing What can Immigrant communities bring - CORRECT ANSWER - Festivals and food eg Notting Hill carnival in London Redevelopment can create what - CORRECT ANSWER - opportunities Cities with high numbers of commuters have come up with - CORRECT ANSWER - creative transport solutions What to planners recognise to be important - CORRECT ANSWER - Green space Industrial decline can lead to - CORRECT ANSWER - crime Derelict land creates - CORRECT ANSWER - brownfield sites Water conservation schemes (rainwater) - CORRECT ANSWER - Collecting rainwater for toilets or garden Water conservation schemes (toilets) - CORRECT ANSWER - Toilets that use less water Water conservation schemes (water meters) - CORRECT ANSWER - Pay for water used Water conservation schemes (Less water) - CORRECT ANSWER - Encourage people to use less water eg turning off taps while brushing teeth Creating green space advantages - CORRECT ANSWER - Cooler areas where people can relax Encourage exercise Make people happier reduce flooding reduce air pollution Energy conservation schemes (renewable) - CORRECT ANSWER - Encouraging use of renewable energy sources Energy conservation schemes (efficiency) - CORRECT ANSWER - Encourage efficient energy usage Energy conservation schemes (new homes) - CORRECT ANSWER - Encourage building of more efficient homes Waste recycling schemes (boxes) - CORRECT ANSWER - Collection of household recycling boxes Waste recycling schemes (facilities) - CORRECT ANSWER - For recycling larger items eg fridges Waste recycling schemes (websites) - CORRECT ANSWER - Items are offered for free Environmental problems of traffic congestion - CORRECT ANSWER - Lots of traffic and air pollution Economic problems of traffic congestion - CORRECT ANSWER - Late for work, causing companies to lose money Social problems of traffic congestion - CORRECT ANSWER - Frustration and mental health as well as respiratory problems Public transport (DLR) - CORRECT ANSWER - (docklands light railway) carries passengers around London 110 million passengers per year Public transport (London Underground) - CORRECT ANSWER - Takes 3 million passengers per day and increases capacity through crossrail Public transport (Self service bicycles) - CORRECT ANSWER - Cheap and bike lanes improve safety Public transport (Oyster cards) - CORRECT ANSWER - Encourage people to use public transport Public transport (Park and ride) - CORRECT ANSWER - Car park and use the bus Traffic flow management (Ring roads) - CORRECT ANSWER - Safer and less polluted Traffic flow management (Bus lanes) - CORRECT ANSWER - Encourage people to use buses Traffic flow management (Parking restrictions) - CORRECT ANSWER - Increase traffic flow Traffic flow management (Congestion charges) - CORRECT ANSWER - Encourage people to use public transport Traffic flow management (Car sharing) - CORRECT ANSWER - Special lanes for car sharing Gross National Income (GNI) - CORRECT ANSWER - Value of goods GNI per head - CORRECT ANSWER - Gross National Income per person Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - CORRECT ANSWER - A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country. Birth rate - CORRECT ANSWER - the number of births in a population in a certain amount of time Death rate - CORRECT ANSWER - The number of deaths in a population in a certain amount of time Infant mortality rate - CORRECT ANSWER - The percentage of children who die before their first birthday. People per doctor - CORRECT ANSWER - the average number of people for each doctor Literacy rate - CORRECT ANSWER - The percentage of a country's people who can read and write. access to safe water - CORRECT ANSWER - The percentage of people who can get clean drinking water Life expentancy - CORRECT ANSWER - the number of years a person can expect to live high-income countries - CORRECT ANSWER - the nations with the highest overall standards of living Newly emerging economies (NEEs) - CORRECT ANSWER - rapidly getting richer low-income countries - CORRECT ANSWER - nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor DTM - CORRECT ANSWER - Demographic Transition Model DTM (pic) - CORRECT ANSWER - DTM stage 1 - CORRECT ANSWER - low growth DTM stage 2 - CORRECT ANSWER - rapid population growth: high birth rates & declining death rates DTM stage 3 - CORRECT ANSWER - moderate growth DTM stage 4 and 5 - CORRECT ANSWER - Most developed Physical factors affecting development - CORRECT ANSWER - Poor climate Poor farming land Few raw materials Lots of natural hazards Historical factors affecting development - CORRECT ANSWER - Colonisation Conflict Economic factors affecting development - CORRECT ANSWER - Poor trade links Lots of debt Economy based on primary products Consequences of uneven development - CORRECT ANSWER - wealth, health and international migration Reducing the development gap - CORRECT ANSWER - Aid Debt relief Investment Fair trade Industrial development Using intermediate technology Tourism Microfinance loans TNC - CORRECT ANSWER - transnational corporation Advantages of TNC's - CORRECT ANSWER - create jobs employees in poorer countries spend money to improve infrastructure new technology Disadvantages of TNC's - CORRECT ANSWER - Low wages Long hours Profits leave country Insecure jobs De-industrialisation - CORRECT ANSWER - the decline in manufacturing Globalisation - CORRECT ANSWER - The growing integration of the world's economies Government policies - CORRECT ANSWER - What the government wants to do Services in UK - CORRECT ANSWER - UK's largest sector IT in UK - CORRECT ANSWER - 60,000 employees in UK Finance in UK - CORRECT ANSWER - City of London Research in UK - CORRECT ANSWER - £30 bn Where are Science Parks often found - CORRECT ANSWER - Near good transport links What is found near to Science Parks - CORRECT ANSWER - Lots of housing What sort of facilities are Science Parks near - CORRECT ANSWER - Universitiesa Why is there a growth in science departments - CORRECT ANSWER - More demand for high-tech products North/South Divide - CORRECT ANSWER - The economic division between the wealthy parts of UK Where are wages typically higher - CORRECT ANSWER - South of England Where is health getting worse - CORRECT ANSWER - North of of England Where are GCSE results better - CORRECT ANSWER - South of England What resources are essential - CORRECT ANSWER - Food, Water, Energy How many under 5's die due to malnourishment - CORRECT ANSWER - 1/3 What is the consequence of not eating well at school - CORRECT ANSWER - Do not perform so well at school What is water needed for - CORRECT ANSWER - Drinking, cooking, washing Water-borne diseases - CORRECT ANSWER - Typhoid and Cholera Energy is needed for - CORRECT ANSWER - Industry, transport and homes Global distribution of resources is - CORRECT ANSWER - Uneven What sort of food do people want all year round - CORRECT ANSWER - Seasonal Why is organic food becoming more popular - CORRECT ANSWER - More concern for environment Carbon footprint of food is - CORRECT ANSWER - growing Carbon footprint - CORRECT ANSWER - the total carbon dioxide emissions produced by an individual, group, or location Farming is becoming more - CORRECT ANSWER - Industrialised Where is most water in UK - CORRECT ANSWER - North and West Since 1975 how much has water demand increased by - CORRECT ANSWER - 70% Nitrates and Phosphates from fertilisers are washed into - CORRECT ANSWER - Rivers Pollutants from rivers are - CORRECT ANSWER - Washed into rivers 80% of water in Southern England comes - CORRECT ANSWER - From the ground Dams and aqueducts can - CORRECT ANSWER - transfer water in 1970 how much energy came from coal and oil - CORRECT ANSWER - 91% Nuclear energy is - CORRECT ANSWER - Increasing in usage Economic issues of extracting fossil fuels (cost) - CORRECT ANSWER - Expensive Economic issues of extracting fossil fuels (research) - CORRECT ANSWER - More money is needed for research into alternative energy sources Environmental issues of extracting fossil fuels (fossil fuels) - CORRECT ANSWER - Produces carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases Environmental issues of extracting fossil fuels (fracking) - CORRECT ANSWER - Mini-earthquakes Environmental issues of extracting fossil fuels (accidents) - CORRECT ANSWER - From oil tankers Environmental issues of extracting fossil fuels (eyesores) - CORRECT ANSWER - Power stations and wind farms look disgusting Energy security - CORRECT ANSWER - having access to enough reliable and affordable energy sources to meet one's needs Global energy production - CORRECT ANSWER - Is unevenly distributed Iran and Saudi Arabia - CORRECT ANSWER - Large oil reserves China and Australia - CORRECT ANSWER - Large coal reserves UK and Russia - CORRECT ANSWER - Large oil and gas reserves Physical factors affecting energy production - CORRECT ANSWER - Wind and solar etc Economic factors affecting energy production - CORRECT ANSWER - Not enough money to extract resources Political factors affecting energy production - CORRECT ANSWER - Cannot sell the energy Biomass energy - CORRECT ANSWER - energy produced by burning organic matter Wind energy - CORRECT ANSWER - Energy generated from the kinetic energy of moving air Solar energy - CORRECT ANSWER - energy from the sun Hydro energy - CORRECT ANSWER - The energy associated with stored energy of water Tidal energy - CORRECT ANSWER - electricity generated from the movement of the tides Wave energy - CORRECT ANSWER - a disturbance involving the transfer of energy from place to place Geothermal energy - CORRECT ANSWER - Energy derived from the heat in the interior of the earth Fossil fuels - CORRECT ANSWER - coal, oil, natural gas Nuclear energy - CORRECT ANSWER - Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom Sustainability - CORRECT ANSWER - The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained LIC - C ORRECT ANSWER - Low income country- this subdivision of countries is based on the world bank income classifications (GNI per capita) which in 2013 were $1045 or below HIC - C ORRECT ANSWER - High income country- this subdivision of countries is based on the world bank income classifications (GNI per capita) which in 2013 were $12746 or above Hazard Risk - C ORRECT ANSWER - The probability or chance that a natural hazard may take place Natural Hazard - C ORRECT ANSWER - A natural event (for example an earthquake, volcanic eruption, tropical storm, flood) that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage, destruction and death Conservative Plate Margin - C ORRECT ANSWER - Tectonic plate margin where two tectonic plates slide past each other Constructive Plate Margin - C ORRECT ANSWER - Tectonic plate margin where rising magma adds new material to plates that are diverging or moving apart Destructive Plate Margin - C ORRECT ANSWER - Tectonic plate margin where two plates are converging or coming together and oceanic plate is subducted; it can be associated with violent earthquakes and explosive volcanoes Earthquake - C ORRECT ANSWER - A sudden or violent movement within the Earth's crust followed by a series of shocks Immediate Responses - C ORRECT ANSWER - The reaction of people as the disaster happens and in the immediate aftermath Long-Term Responses - C ORRECT ANSWER - Later reactions that occur within the weeks, months and years after the event Monitoring - C ORRECT ANSWER - Recording physical changes, such as earthquake tremors around a volcano, to help forecast when and where a natural hazard might strike Plate Margin - C ORRECT ANSWER - The margin or boundary between two tectonic plates Planning - C ORRECT ANSWER - Actions taken to enable communities to respond to, and recover from, natural disasters, through measures such as emergency evacuation plans, information management, communications and warning systems Prediction - C ORRECT ANSWER - Attempts to forecast when and where a natural hazard will strike, based on current knowledge; this can be dome to some extent for volcanic eruptions (and tropical storms), but less reliably for earthquakes Primary Effects - C ORRECT ANSWER - The initial impact of a natural event on people and property, caused directly by it, for instance the ground buildings collapsing following an earthquake Tectonic Hazard - C ORRECT ANSWER - A natural hazard caused by movement of tectonic plates (including volcanoes and earthquakes) Tectonic Plate - C ORRECT ANSWER - A rigid segment of the Earth's crust which can 'float' across the heavier, semi-molten rock below; continental plates are less dense, but thicker than oceanic plates Volcano - C ORRECT ANSWER - An opening in the Earth's crust from which lava, ash and gases erupt Economic Impact - C ORRECT ANSWER - The effect of an event on the wealth of an area or community Environmental Impact - C ORRECT ANSWER - The effect of an event on the landscape and ecology of the surrounding area Extreme Weather - C ORRECT ANSWER - This is when a weather event is significantly different from the average or usual weather pattern, and is especially severe or unseasonal; this may take place over one day or a period of time Global Atmospheric Circulation - C ORRECT ANSWER - The worldwide system of winds, which transports heat from tropical to polar latitudes; in each hemisphere, air also circulates through the entire depth of the troposphere which extends up to 15km Management Strategies - C ORRECT ANSWER - Techniques of controlling, responding to or dealing with an event Monitoring - C ORRECT ANSWER - Recording physical changes, such as tracking a tropical storm by satellite, to help forecast when and where a natural hazard might strike Planning - C ORRECT ANSWER - Actions taken to enable communities to respond to, and recover from, natural disasters, though measures such as emergency evacuation plans, information management, communications and warning systems Protection - C ORRECT ANSWER - Actions taken before a hazard strikes to reduce its impact, such as educating people or improving building design Secondary Effects - C ORRECT ANSWER - The after-effects that occur as indirect impacts of a natural event, sometimes on a longer timescale, for instance impact on access to potable water can lead to spread of disease Social Impact - C ORRECT ANSWER - The effect of an event on the lives of people or community Tropical Storm - C ORRECT ANSWER - Hurricane, cyclone, typhoon- an area of low pressure with winds moving in a spiral around the calm central point called the eye of the storm; winds are powerful and rainfall is heavy Adaption - C ORRECT ANSWER - Actions taken to adjust to natural events such as climate change, to reduce potential damage, limit the impacts, take advantage of opportunities, or cope with the consequences Climate Change - C ORRECT ANSWER - A long-term change in the Earth's climate, especially a change due to an increase in the average atmospheric temperature Mitigation - C ORRECT ANSWER - Action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from natural hazards, such as building earthquake-proof buildings or making international agreements about carbon reduction targets Orbital Changes - C ORRECT ANSWER - Changes in the pathway of the Earth around the Sun Quaternary Period - C ORRECT ANSWER - The period of geological time from about 2.6 million years ago to the present; it is characterised by the appearance and development of humans and includes the Pleistocene and Epochs Abiotic - C ORRECT ANSWER - Relating to non-living things Biotic - C ORRECT ANSWER - Relating to living things Consumer - C ORRECT ANSWER - Creature that eats animals and/or plant matter Decomposer - C ORRECT ANSWER - An organism such as a bacterium or fungus, that breaks down dead tissue, which is then recycled to the environment Ecosystem - C ORRECT ANSWER - A community of plants and animals that interact with each other and their physical environment Food Chain - C ORRECT ANSWER - The connections between different organisms (plants and animals) that rely on one another as their source of food Food Web - C ORRECT ANSWER - A complex hierarchy of plants and animals relying on each other for food Nutrient Cycling - C ORRECT ANSWER - A set of processes whereby organisms extract minerals necessary for growth from soil or water, before passing them on through the food chain and ultimately back to the soil and water Global Ecosystem - C ORRECT ANSWER - very large ecological areas on the Earth's surface (or biomes), with fauna and flora (animals and plants) adapting to their environment; examples include tropical rainforest and hot desert Producer - C ORRECT ANSWER - An organism or plant that is able to absorb energy from the sun through photosynthesis Biodiversity - C ORRECT ANSWER - The variety of life in the world or a particular habitat Commercial Farming - C ORRECT ANSWER - Farming to sell produce for a profit to retailers or food processing companies Debt Reduction - C ORRECT ANSWER - Countries are relieved of some of their debt in return for protecting their rainforests Deforestation - C ORRECT ANSWER - The chopping down and removal of trees to clear an area of forest Ecotourism - C ORRECT ANSWER - Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the wellbeing of the local people, and may involve education; it is usually carried out in small groups and has minimal impact on the local ecosystem Logging - C ORRECT ANSWER - The business of cutting down trees and transporting the logs to sawmills Mineral Extraction - C ORRECT ANSWER - The removal of solid mineral resources from the Earth; these resources include ores, which contain commercially valuable amounts of metals, such as iron and aluminium; precious stones, such as diamonds; building stones, such as granite; and solid fuels, such as coal and oil shale Selective Logging - C ORRECT ANSWER - The cutting out of trees which are mature or inferior, to encourage the growth of the remaining trees in a forest or wood Soil Erosion - C ORRECT ANSWER - Removal of topsoil faster than it can be replaced, due to natural (water and wind action), animal and human activity; topsoil is the top layer of soil and is the most fertile because it contains the most organic, nutrient-rich materials Subsistence Farming - C ORRECT ANSWER - A type of agriculture reducing food and materials for the benefit only of the farmer and his family