MCB2010 Final Exam Questions and Complete Solutions
Archaea - ✔✔prokaryote cell wall: pseudomurein live in extreme environments include:
halophil, thermophil, and methanogen fungi - ✔✔eukaryote cell wall: chitin yeast - unicell
but mold and mushroom are multicelled and made up mycelia (which are made of hyphae)
protozoa - ✔✔eukaryote can be free living or parasitic motile via: pseudopod (ex. amoeba),
cilia (ex. paramecium), or flagella (ex. trichomonas vaginalis) plasmodium vivax is a
protozoan algae - ✔✔eukaryote cell wall: cellulose photosynthetic produce molecular
oxygen and organic compounds viruses - ✔✔acellular DNA or RNA core surrounded by
protein coat (capsid) which may be surrounded by a lipid envelope with spikes replicate
only when inside a living cell helminths - ✔✔eukaryote - multicellular animal parasite
helminths phylums: platyhelminth and nematoda aseptic technique - ✔✔method to
prevent contamination of bacteria being observed emerging infectious disease - ✔✔new
diseases increasing in incidence magnification - ✔✔increase in size of an organism under
a microscope resolution - ✔✔the ability of the lenses to distinguish two points total
magnification - ✔✔objective lens x ocular lens types of microscopes - ✔✔phase contrast
accentuates diffraction of light passing thru a specimen fluorescence uses UV light, and
fluorescent substances absorb it and emit light (fluorescent dyes - fluochromes)
transmission electron (TEM) study internal structure scanning electron (SEM) study
surface gram stain - ✔✔primary stain: crystal violet mordant: iodine decolorizer: 95% ethyl
alcohol counterstain: safranin Gram positive bacteria remain purple throughout Gram
negative bacteria stain red with safranin acid fast - ✔✔stain mycolic acid lipid in
mycobacterium p. stain: carbolfuschin decolorizer: acid alcohol counterstain: methylene
blue mycobact. stain red non acid fast are blue negative stain - ✔✔when bacteria capsule
will not hold any stain, nigrosin or eosin negative stains make the background a different
color endospore stain - ✔✔endospores need steam bath to retain stain p. stain: malachite
green decolorize: water counter stain: safranin endospores are green, cells are red flagella
stain - ✔✔mordant multiple times on flagella carbolfuschin simple stain capsule stain -
✔✔2 stains 1 for background and 1 for bacterium; capsule made of polysaccharide and
more virulent binary fission - ✔✔asexual replication of bacteria (vs sexual conjugation)
gram positive cell walls - ✔✔have more peptidoglycan in cell wall; stain purple in gram
stain lysozyme in tears, sweat, saliva, etc to dissolve peptidoglycan (NAG + NAH) of
bacteria wall contain lipid A endotoxin and lipoteichoic acid size, shape and arrangement
of bacterial cells - ✔✔size: micrometers shapes: bacillus (rod), coccus (sphere), and spiral
(spirillum, vibrio, spriochete) gram negative cell walls - ✔✔have more lipid in cell wall;
stain red in gram stain; most resistant to treatment; periplasmic space glycocalyx -
, ✔✔outside cell wall; sticky; neatly organized capsule; loose slime layer; prevent
phagocytosis flagella - ✔✔made of chains of flagellin; attached to a protein hook;
anchored to wall by basal body conjugation - ✔✔sexual bacteria reproduction involving
pilus axial filament - ✔✔AKA endoflagella; in spirochetes; anchored at one end of a cell;
rotation causes cell to move atrichous - ✔✔no flagella monotrichous - ✔✔1 flagella
fimbriae - ✔✔allow for attachment pili - ✔✔facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to
another; gliding motility; twitching motility peritrichous - ✔✔multiple flagella around entire
organism lophotrichous - ✔✔ponytail of flagella on one side amphitrichous - ✔✔flagella on
2 sides protoplast - ✔✔a wall-less cell susceptible to osmotic lysis L-forms - ✔✔wall-less
cells that swell into irregular shapes spheroplast - ✔✔a wall-less gram positive cell
susceptible to osmotic lysis osmotic lysis - ✔✔lysis of a cell due to hypo or hypertonic
solution plasma membrane - ✔✔phospholipid bilayer w/ peripheral proteins, integral
proteins, and transmembrane proteins; selectively permeable hypotonic - ✔✔low solute in
a solution hypertonic - ✔✔high solute in a solution isotonic - ✔✔equal parts solute and
solvent in a solution diffusion - ✔✔simple or facilitated; movement of a solute from high
concentration to low without ATP osmosis - ✔✔movement of water from high
concentration to low plasmids - ✔✔extra chromosomal DNA cofactor - ✔✔nonprotein but
inorganic component of enzyme (ex. Fe, Cu, or Zn) coenzyme - ✔✔nonprotein but organic
part of enzyme (ex. vitamins) apoenzyme - ✔✔protein part of an enzyme holoenzyme -
✔✔apoenzyme plus cofactor (NOT coenzyme) denaturation - ✔✔protein unraveling
competitive inhibition - ✔✔chemical competes for active site and blocks normal rxn (ex.
Sulfa drugs) non competitive inhibition - ✔✔chemical binds to allosteric site which
changes shape of normal binding site glycolysis - ✔✔C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
(released) oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid by reducing NADH Kreb's cycle - ✔✔after
pyruvic acid is oxidized to acetly CoA, acetyl CoA is oxidized to produce NADH and FADH2
CO2 is produced here aerobe - ✔✔need oxygen to survive anaerobe - ✔✔do not need
oxygen to survive homolactic (fermentation) - ✔✔ex. lactic acid - produces ONLY lactic
acid heterolactic (fermentation) - ✔✔ex. lactic acid - produces lactic acid and other
compounds beta oxidation - ✔✔catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are
broken down in the cytosol to generate acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle
chemoautotrophs - ✔✔chemo - use energy from chemicals autotrophs - produce energy in
Calvin-Benson cycle to fix CO2 chemoheterotrophs - ✔✔chemo - use energy from
chemicals heterotrophs - get energy from outside chemically defined medium - ✔✔
complex medium - ✔✔extracts and digests of yeasts, meat, or plants (ex. nutrient broth or
Archaea - ✔✔prokaryote cell wall: pseudomurein live in extreme environments include:
halophil, thermophil, and methanogen fungi - ✔✔eukaryote cell wall: chitin yeast - unicell
but mold and mushroom are multicelled and made up mycelia (which are made of hyphae)
protozoa - ✔✔eukaryote can be free living or parasitic motile via: pseudopod (ex. amoeba),
cilia (ex. paramecium), or flagella (ex. trichomonas vaginalis) plasmodium vivax is a
protozoan algae - ✔✔eukaryote cell wall: cellulose photosynthetic produce molecular
oxygen and organic compounds viruses - ✔✔acellular DNA or RNA core surrounded by
protein coat (capsid) which may be surrounded by a lipid envelope with spikes replicate
only when inside a living cell helminths - ✔✔eukaryote - multicellular animal parasite
helminths phylums: platyhelminth and nematoda aseptic technique - ✔✔method to
prevent contamination of bacteria being observed emerging infectious disease - ✔✔new
diseases increasing in incidence magnification - ✔✔increase in size of an organism under
a microscope resolution - ✔✔the ability of the lenses to distinguish two points total
magnification - ✔✔objective lens x ocular lens types of microscopes - ✔✔phase contrast
accentuates diffraction of light passing thru a specimen fluorescence uses UV light, and
fluorescent substances absorb it and emit light (fluorescent dyes - fluochromes)
transmission electron (TEM) study internal structure scanning electron (SEM) study
surface gram stain - ✔✔primary stain: crystal violet mordant: iodine decolorizer: 95% ethyl
alcohol counterstain: safranin Gram positive bacteria remain purple throughout Gram
negative bacteria stain red with safranin acid fast - ✔✔stain mycolic acid lipid in
mycobacterium p. stain: carbolfuschin decolorizer: acid alcohol counterstain: methylene
blue mycobact. stain red non acid fast are blue negative stain - ✔✔when bacteria capsule
will not hold any stain, nigrosin or eosin negative stains make the background a different
color endospore stain - ✔✔endospores need steam bath to retain stain p. stain: malachite
green decolorize: water counter stain: safranin endospores are green, cells are red flagella
stain - ✔✔mordant multiple times on flagella carbolfuschin simple stain capsule stain -
✔✔2 stains 1 for background and 1 for bacterium; capsule made of polysaccharide and
more virulent binary fission - ✔✔asexual replication of bacteria (vs sexual conjugation)
gram positive cell walls - ✔✔have more peptidoglycan in cell wall; stain purple in gram
stain lysozyme in tears, sweat, saliva, etc to dissolve peptidoglycan (NAG + NAH) of
bacteria wall contain lipid A endotoxin and lipoteichoic acid size, shape and arrangement
of bacterial cells - ✔✔size: micrometers shapes: bacillus (rod), coccus (sphere), and spiral
(spirillum, vibrio, spriochete) gram negative cell walls - ✔✔have more lipid in cell wall;
stain red in gram stain; most resistant to treatment; periplasmic space glycocalyx -
, ✔✔outside cell wall; sticky; neatly organized capsule; loose slime layer; prevent
phagocytosis flagella - ✔✔made of chains of flagellin; attached to a protein hook;
anchored to wall by basal body conjugation - ✔✔sexual bacteria reproduction involving
pilus axial filament - ✔✔AKA endoflagella; in spirochetes; anchored at one end of a cell;
rotation causes cell to move atrichous - ✔✔no flagella monotrichous - ✔✔1 flagella
fimbriae - ✔✔allow for attachment pili - ✔✔facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to
another; gliding motility; twitching motility peritrichous - ✔✔multiple flagella around entire
organism lophotrichous - ✔✔ponytail of flagella on one side amphitrichous - ✔✔flagella on
2 sides protoplast - ✔✔a wall-less cell susceptible to osmotic lysis L-forms - ✔✔wall-less
cells that swell into irregular shapes spheroplast - ✔✔a wall-less gram positive cell
susceptible to osmotic lysis osmotic lysis - ✔✔lysis of a cell due to hypo or hypertonic
solution plasma membrane - ✔✔phospholipid bilayer w/ peripheral proteins, integral
proteins, and transmembrane proteins; selectively permeable hypotonic - ✔✔low solute in
a solution hypertonic - ✔✔high solute in a solution isotonic - ✔✔equal parts solute and
solvent in a solution diffusion - ✔✔simple or facilitated; movement of a solute from high
concentration to low without ATP osmosis - ✔✔movement of water from high
concentration to low plasmids - ✔✔extra chromosomal DNA cofactor - ✔✔nonprotein but
inorganic component of enzyme (ex. Fe, Cu, or Zn) coenzyme - ✔✔nonprotein but organic
part of enzyme (ex. vitamins) apoenzyme - ✔✔protein part of an enzyme holoenzyme -
✔✔apoenzyme plus cofactor (NOT coenzyme) denaturation - ✔✔protein unraveling
competitive inhibition - ✔✔chemical competes for active site and blocks normal rxn (ex.
Sulfa drugs) non competitive inhibition - ✔✔chemical binds to allosteric site which
changes shape of normal binding site glycolysis - ✔✔C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
(released) oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid by reducing NADH Kreb's cycle - ✔✔after
pyruvic acid is oxidized to acetly CoA, acetyl CoA is oxidized to produce NADH and FADH2
CO2 is produced here aerobe - ✔✔need oxygen to survive anaerobe - ✔✔do not need
oxygen to survive homolactic (fermentation) - ✔✔ex. lactic acid - produces ONLY lactic
acid heterolactic (fermentation) - ✔✔ex. lactic acid - produces lactic acid and other
compounds beta oxidation - ✔✔catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are
broken down in the cytosol to generate acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle
chemoautotrophs - ✔✔chemo - use energy from chemicals autotrophs - produce energy in
Calvin-Benson cycle to fix CO2 chemoheterotrophs - ✔✔chemo - use energy from
chemicals heterotrophs - get energy from outside chemically defined medium - ✔✔
complex medium - ✔✔extracts and digests of yeasts, meat, or plants (ex. nutrient broth or
