Fluid and electrolyte balance Exam Study Guide Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct

Fluid and electrolyte balance Exam Study Guide Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct Potassium - ANSWER - Sources of _ include bananas, potatoes with skin, green leafy vegetables, yogurt, sweet potato, apricot dried, cantaloupe, kidney beans, split peas, spinach, soybean, prune juice Cations - ANSWER - Electrolytes carries a positive charge, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium Anions - ANSWER - Electrolytes carry negative charge 135 145 - ANSWER - Normal serum sodium level _ to _ mEq/L, cation, ECF, helps nerve impulse & heart contractions 3.5 5 - ANSWER - Normal serum potassium level is _ to _ mEq/L, important for cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle & smooth muscle function 4.5 5.5 - ANSWER - Normal serum calcium level is _to _ mEq/L or 9 to 11 mg/L 1.5 2.5 - ANSWER - Normal serum magnesium level is _ to _ mEq/L Calcium - ANSWER - _ food sources include fortified cereal, milk, yogurt, cheese, soy, tofu, salmon, dark green veggies, oatmeal, perch, trout Sodium - ANSWER - Most abundant extracellular electrolyte, major cation in blood, helps maintain serum osmolarity so often associated with fluid imbalance, important for cell function Hyponatremia - ANSWER - Sodium level less than 135 mEq, prevent by increasing Na intake, patient at risk are NPO, excess sweating, diuretics, GI suctioning; s/s like dehydration, weakness, nausea & vomiting, diarrhea, mental changes (confusion, disoriented, personality) Hyponatremia - ANSWER - To treat _ replace sodium & IV saline, with fluid excess give diuretic & steroids with cerebral edema, monitor I & O's & daily weight Hypernatremia - ANSWER - Test include serum Na level, BUN, hematocrit & urine specific gravity, treat include fluid replacement without sodium if dehydrated, diuretic if kidneys functional, I & O and daily weights Hypernatremia - ANSWER - Sodium level above 145 mEq, got too much Na or renal failure, s/s include thirst, agitation, confusion, seizures, muscle twitches, skeletal muscle weakness, respiratory failure, can become comatose or have respiratory arrest Hypokalemia - ANSWER - Potassium level below 3.5, Oral potassium - ANSWER - Tips for taking _ _ are don't sub K+ supplements, dilute powders & liquids in juice and don't drink til diluted completely, don't crush tablets, take slow release with full glass water, don't take if on potassium wasting diuretic(spironolactone, triamterene), take with meals, no salt sub's with K+ Acids - ANSWER - Substance that releases a hydrogen ion, the stronger it is the more hydrogen ions released, hydrochloric acid (HCl) found in the stomach, lower numbers on pH scale Bases - ANSWER - Substance that binds hydrogen, bicarbonate (HCo3), alkaline, higher number on pH scale Cellular buffers - ANSWER - First to try to return pH to normal range, protein, hemoglobin, bicarbonate & phosphate Lungs - ANSWER - Second line of defense to restore normal pH, if bloods too acidic they blow off extra carbon dioxide thru rapid deep breathing, too alkaline they conserve carbon dioxide thru shallow respirations Kidneys - ANSWER - Slowest mechanism to respond to change in pH, take 24-48 hours, they regulate amount of bicarb kept in body Compensated - ANSWER - Acidosis or alkalosis that's corrected by the body, pH returns to normal but gases monitoring acid-base balance are abnormal Acidosis - ANSWER - When serum pH level falls below 7.35, blood becomes more acidic Alkalosis - ANSWER - When serum pH level rises above 7.45, blood becomes more alkaline Respiratory acidosis - ANSWER - Respiratory problem where carbon dioxide is not adequately blown off during expiration causing buildup of it in blood, hypoventilation; s/s involves CNS & musculoskeletal system, confusion/lethargy to stupor/coma, respirations depressed & shallow Metabolic acidosis - ANSWER - Result from too much acid in body or too little bicarb, caused by uncontrolled diabetes mellitus & end stage renal failure, severe diarrhea or prolonged GI suctioning at high risk; s/s kussmals(deep, rapid) Respiratory alkalosis - ANSWER - Excessive loss of carbon dioxide thru hyperventilation, severely anxious/fearful, rapid shallow breathing, lightheaded, confused, heart rate increased, pulse weak & thready Respiratory alkalosis - ANSWER - Mechanical ventilation & hyperventilation can cause, treated by slowing breathing thru pursed lips, paper bag, cover mouth & one nostril Metabolic alkalosis - ANSWER - Result from excessive ingestion of bicarb or other bases n2 body or loss of acids, overuse of antacids & baking soda, prolonged vomiting or gastric suction; s/s potassium level decreases, hypocalcemia or Hypokalemia Continuous - ANSWER - Infusion used when med must be highly diluted, constant plasma concentration of drug must be maintained or large volume of fluid & electrolytes must be given Intermittent - ANSWER - Meds delivered by set connected & disconnected with each use, like antibiotics, use piggyback/secondary infusions & needleless connectors, volumes of infusion admin over 15 min to 2 hours by IV push or infusion thru the needleless connector Piggyback - ANSWER - Secondary infusion, must be hung higher than primary IV line Needleless connector - ANSWER - Device that allow connection to IV catheters, administration sets & syringes without a needle, terms also used are injection cap, port or injection valve Saline lock - ANSWER - Hub/extension set of peripheral cannula that's covered with a needleless connector Patency - ANSWER - Always check for _ of intermittent device b4 admin of med, scrub the hub, attach syringe & draw back to check for backflow of blood, blood in syringe its confirmed, flush cannula w/saline after each use/q12 hours if not in use IV push - ANSWER - 'IVP or direct injection', injected slowly via syringe into IV site/port, referred to as bolus(all at once), rapid effect directly n2 bloodstream, dangerous if given incorrectly, check drug reference, admin by RN PCA - ANSWER - Used to deliver analgesic or pain med thru electronic infusion device