MLT 106 Unit 2 Midterm Exam 2025

Parental Pure - -The first generation of a study Consisted of all red or all white flowers Either homozygous for red flowers or for white flowers What is science concerned with regarding genetics? - -The chemical and physical nature of genes and the mechanism by which genes control development of an organism Genetics is the _____ of information among many different levels - -Transfer What is the foundation level of a molecule and backbone of heredity called? - -DNA Information of DNA is organized into what? - -Genes Understanding the science of genetics is vital in _____ regarding inheritance of blood group antigens and testing for disease markers ate the molecular level - -Transfusion medicine Concerning genetic traits in large number of individuals - -Population genetics The cellular organization of genetic materials - -Cellular genetics The biochemistry of genes and the structures that support genes i.e. DNA and various proteins that are part of the chromosomal architecture - -Molecular genetics Section of DNA along chromosome - -Gene One of two or more different genes that may occupy a specific locus on a chromosome "an alternate form of a gene" - -Alleles Specific location of a gene on a chromosome - -Locus A silent gene; a gene that does not appear to produce a detectable antigen such as Jk, Lu, O - -Amorph Sequence of DNA that is inherited; an individual's actual genetic makeup - -Genotype Produced by the genotype, including an enzyme to control a blood group antigen; and the length of long bones of the skeleton (what you see) - -Phenotype MLT 106 MLT 106 A trait or characteristic that will be expressed in the offspring even though it is only carried on one of the homologous chromosomes - -Dominant gene Type of gene, that in the presence of its dominant allele, does not express itself - Recessive gene A pair of genes in which neither is dominant over the other; that is, they are both expressed - -Co-dominant gene Presence of two identical alleles on both chromosomes - -Homozygous Inheritance of different alleles from each parent at a particular locus - -Heterozygous Traits not carried on the sex chromosome - -Autosomal Traits physically expressed by all members of the family that carry the allele - Autosomal dominant Without a defined nucleus - -Prokaryotic With a defined nucleus - -Eukaryotic Highly basic proteins around which DNA is coiled, help keep chromosomes shape and stabilize the structure - -Histones What are the major areas concerning blood banking? - --Mendel's law of inheritance -Hardy Weinberg principle -Inheritance patterns Who was Gregor Mendel? - -The father of genetics; studied relationships between traits expressed in parents and offspring and hereditary factors causing the expression of these traits. Gregor Mendel determined physical traits to be due to factors called ____ within the cell - -Elementen What is the physical basis of elementen within the nucleus of the cell? - -Genes What does Mendel's law apply to? - -All sexually producing diploid organisms whether they are microorganisms, insects, plants, animals, or people What is Mendel's second law? - -The Law of Independent Assortment Each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs MLT 106 MLT 106 of homologous chromosomes or when they are far enough apart on the same chromosome to behave as though they are on different chromosomes What is Mendel's first law? - -*Independent Segregation* -Each gene is passed onto the next generation on its own First filial generation (F1 generation) - -The second generation of offspring Dominant trait is the only trait observed All plants are heterozygous (hybrid) for flower color (Rr) Second filial generation (F2 generation) - -The offspring resulting from a cross between members of the first filial (F1) generation Ratio of 3:1 (red:white) Partial dominance (incomplete dominance) - -The phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties F1 generation has what genotype? - -Heterozygous (Rr) Most blood group genes are inherited in what manner? - -Co-dominant What is used to determine the possible ways that inherited alleles can combine to express a given phenotype? - -Punnett square Exceptions to Mendel's Laws - -Incomplete dominance, codominance, linked genes Hardy-Weinberg Principle - -Allele frequencies in a population remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies to change Criteria for use of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle - -- The population studied must be large - Mating among all individuals must be random - Mutations must not occur in parents or offspring - There must be no migration, differential fertility, or mortality of genotypes studied Pedigree - -The trait to be studied A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family Males are represented by what shape in a pedigree? - -Square Females are represented by what shape in a pedigree? - -Circle Offspring are indicated by what in a pedigree? - -Vertical line MLT 106 MLT 106 What indicated a consanguineous mating in a pedigree? - -A double line between male and female Wht is a stillbirth indicated by in a pedigree? - -Small black circle What is a deceased family member indicated by in a pedigree? - -Line crossed through them What is a propositus? - -Most interesting or important member of the pedigree The initial individual whose condition led to investigation of hereditary disorder or to a serologic evaluation of family members What is the propositus indicated by in a pedigree? - -An arrow pointing to it Carried by either parent or both parents but is not generally seen at the phenotypic level unless both parents carry the trait - -Recessive trait Can be genetically expressed in a heterozygous individual but may not be seen at the phenotypic level - -Recessive trait Autosomal recessive - -When two heterozygous individuals mate, they can produce a child who inherits a recessive gene from each parent, therefore the child is homozygous for that trait Autsomal Dominant - --All members of the family who carry the allele show the physical characteristic -The gene is only expressed if one copy of the gene is present -Passed from one generation to another and do not skip generations Usually do not show a difference in the distribution between males and females - Autosomal trait Most blood groups are _____-_____ and