WGU D265 :CRITICAL THINKING - REASON AND EVIDENCE |ALREADY GRADED
A+|GUARANTEED PASS!!
Propositions - ANSWER: Propositions (or statements) are expressed in sentences that can either
be true or false.
The sun never rises on Tuesdays.
Tomatoes are fruits.
1+1=2 @#$%^&*()_
Non-propositions - ANSWER: Non-propositions are expressed in sentences that cannot be either
true or false.
Let's go fly a kite.
Give me the remote control.
Which way is East?
Simple Proposition - ANSWER: Composed of one component. True or false based on how the
world is.
Complex Proposition - ANSWER: Composed of multiple simple propositions. True or false
based on whether the simple propositions that make them up are true or false and how they are
connected.
This soda is either Coke or Pepsi. (One must be true for this to be true)
She has brown eyes and brown hair. (Both must be true for this to be true)
If there is smoke, then there is fire.
Argument - ANSWER: Arguments are purportedly rational movements from one or more
premises to a conclusion.
Premise: a statement supporting an argument's conclusion.
Conclusion: a statement supported by an argument's premises.
Non-arguments - ANSWER: Non-arguments include explanations, stories, or sets of statements
without an inference.
Rory was late for work because she missed the bus.
Aristotle was born. He lived. Then he died.
Roses are red. Violets are blue. Oranges are orange.
Inference - ANSWER: A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.
, WGU D265 :CRITICAL THINKING - REASON AND EVIDENCE |ALREADY GRADED
A+|GUARANTEED PASS!!
Premise Indicators - ANSWER: Because; For; Given that; In that; As; Since; As indicated by.
Conclusion Indicators - ANSWER: Therefore; So; It follows that; Hence; Thus; Entails that; We
may conclude that; Implies that; Wherefore; As a result.
Argument Examples - ANSWER: 'Since' all humans are mortal, and
@#$%^&*()_
'as' Socrates is a human,
'it follows' that Socrates is mortal.
'Given that' there are dark clouds in the sky,
'we may conclude' that it probably will rain.
'For' dark clouds usually mean rain.
Deductive Argument - ANSWER: The intention of a deductive argument is to provide evidence
that the conclusion must necessarily be true.
Valid / Invalid Argument - ANSWER: In a valid argument, if the premises are true, then the
conclusion must be true.
An invalid argument is one whose conclusion is not proven by its premises.
Sound / Unsound Argument - ANSWER: A sound argument is valid and has true premises.
An argument is unsound when either it is invalid and or has at least one untrue premise.
Note: an argument can be valid and unsound.
Deductive Argument Example - ANSWER: All fruits are sweet.
Tomatoes are fruit.
Therefore, tomatoes are sweet.
Valid but unsound because not all fruits are sweet.
Inductive Argument - ANSWER: In an inductive argument, the premises provide evidence that
make the conclusion more or less likely to be true.
Strong / Weak Argument - ANSWER: In a strong argument, if the premises are true, then the
conclusion is likely to be true.
In a weak argument, if the premises are likely to be false, then the conclusion is likely to be false.
Strong:
If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it's probably a duck.
A+|GUARANTEED PASS!!
Propositions - ANSWER: Propositions (or statements) are expressed in sentences that can either
be true or false.
The sun never rises on Tuesdays.
Tomatoes are fruits.
1+1=2 @#$%^&*()_
Non-propositions - ANSWER: Non-propositions are expressed in sentences that cannot be either
true or false.
Let's go fly a kite.
Give me the remote control.
Which way is East?
Simple Proposition - ANSWER: Composed of one component. True or false based on how the
world is.
Complex Proposition - ANSWER: Composed of multiple simple propositions. True or false
based on whether the simple propositions that make them up are true or false and how they are
connected.
This soda is either Coke or Pepsi. (One must be true for this to be true)
She has brown eyes and brown hair. (Both must be true for this to be true)
If there is smoke, then there is fire.
Argument - ANSWER: Arguments are purportedly rational movements from one or more
premises to a conclusion.
Premise: a statement supporting an argument's conclusion.
Conclusion: a statement supported by an argument's premises.
Non-arguments - ANSWER: Non-arguments include explanations, stories, or sets of statements
without an inference.
Rory was late for work because she missed the bus.
Aristotle was born. He lived. Then he died.
Roses are red. Violets are blue. Oranges are orange.
Inference - ANSWER: A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.
, WGU D265 :CRITICAL THINKING - REASON AND EVIDENCE |ALREADY GRADED
A+|GUARANTEED PASS!!
Premise Indicators - ANSWER: Because; For; Given that; In that; As; Since; As indicated by.
Conclusion Indicators - ANSWER: Therefore; So; It follows that; Hence; Thus; Entails that; We
may conclude that; Implies that; Wherefore; As a result.
Argument Examples - ANSWER: 'Since' all humans are mortal, and
@#$%^&*()_
'as' Socrates is a human,
'it follows' that Socrates is mortal.
'Given that' there are dark clouds in the sky,
'we may conclude' that it probably will rain.
'For' dark clouds usually mean rain.
Deductive Argument - ANSWER: The intention of a deductive argument is to provide evidence
that the conclusion must necessarily be true.
Valid / Invalid Argument - ANSWER: In a valid argument, if the premises are true, then the
conclusion must be true.
An invalid argument is one whose conclusion is not proven by its premises.
Sound / Unsound Argument - ANSWER: A sound argument is valid and has true premises.
An argument is unsound when either it is invalid and or has at least one untrue premise.
Note: an argument can be valid and unsound.
Deductive Argument Example - ANSWER: All fruits are sweet.
Tomatoes are fruit.
Therefore, tomatoes are sweet.
Valid but unsound because not all fruits are sweet.
Inductive Argument - ANSWER: In an inductive argument, the premises provide evidence that
make the conclusion more or less likely to be true.
Strong / Weak Argument - ANSWER: In a strong argument, if the premises are true, then the
conclusion is likely to be true.
In a weak argument, if the premises are likely to be false, then the conclusion is likely to be false.
Strong:
If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it's probably a duck.
