ASU BIO 182 EXAM 2 – CALA CORRECT
100%
What is Autosomal Dominant Inheritance? - ANSWER - Dominant Allele
- Males and females likely to inherit trait.
- "Dominant"- having at least one allele is all it takes
What is Autosomal Recessive Inheritance? - ANSWER - Recessive Allele
- Males and Females equally affected
- Needs both alleles to be recessive to have trait
- Having only one makes person a "carrier," no expression
How do bad alleles happen? - ANSWER - Mutations, change the genomic sequences
- Mutation can, have no effect, create a different product, prevent gene from functioning
- Not all mutations are "bad"
What are Somatic Mutations? - ANSWER Mutations not transferred to next generation
Example: Cancer
When can mutations affect descending generations? - ANSWER If mutations occur in
cells that become gametes (in Meiosis), mutations can be passed to next generation
What can cause mutations? - ANSWER Radiation, Viruses, Chemicals, or errors during
Meiosis or DNA replication
Homozygous parentals with different traits - ANSWER Phenotype dominant X
Recessive
What is a Monohybrid Cross? - ANSWER Crossed F1 X F1
What is Backcross? - ANSWER Crossed F1 back to recessive parental
What is Probability? - ANSWER Used when more than two traits
0 = 0% & Event will not happen
1 = 100% & Event will happen
The sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes of an event must be 1
"and" --->Multiply
"or"----> Add
Genetic Example 1:
,Mendel crossed two heterozygous smooth-, yellow-seeded F1 plants. What's the
probability that the offspring was smooth-, green-seeded? - ANSWER - Probability that
it's smooth = 3/4
- Probability that it's green = 1/4
- Probability that it's smooth and green =
3/ 4 x 1/4 = 3/16
Genetic Example 2:
What's the probability of obtaining a wrinkled-, green- seeded, tall, purple-flowered
offspring from a self-cross of heterozygous round-seeded, yellow-seeded, tall, purple-
flowered F1 pea plants? - ANSWER AaBbCcDd×AaBbCcDd
- Probability that it's wrinkled (aa) = 1/4
- Probability that it's green (bb) = 1/4
- Probability that it's tall (CC or Cc) = 3/4
- Probability that it's purple (DD or Dd) = 3/4
- Probability that it's wrinkled, green, tall, purple =
3/4 x 3/4 x 1/4 x 1/4 = 9/256
Genetic Example 3: - ANSWER
Probability Example 1:
Joe and Amy plan to have two children. Whats the probability that the first is a boy and
the second is a girl? - ANSWER -0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25
Probability Example 2:
What's the probability of having a family with all girl children, assuming the family has 5
children? - ANSWER - 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 = (0.5)5 = 0.03125
What is Co-Dominance? - ANSWER Two alleles both affect the phenotype in separate,
distinguishable ways
I^A: Dominant
I^B: Dominant
I^A and I^B: C0-Dominant
i: recessive
How do blood types work?
Type A - ANSWER Type A glycoprotein on blood cell ONLY
How do blood types work?
Type B - ANSWER Type B glycoprotein on blood cell ONLY
How do blood types work?
O - ANSWER No recognizable glycoprotein from this group on blood cell
How do blood types work?
, AB - ANSWER Both A and B glycoproteins
What are Glycoproteins? - ANSWER - Are proteins
- If you don't normally have it and you get blood with it, your body's own antibodies will
attack it as foreign
Rh +/- - ANSWER Additional blood system describing many antigens on the blood cells
Rh positive (Rh+):
Blood cells have D antigen
Rh negative (Rh-):
Blood cells do not have D antigen
Founders of Linkage - ANSWER Mendel (1865): OG
Thomas Hunt Morgan: Added to Mendels idea w/ Chromosome Theory
Morgan's Model organism was the fruit fly
Drosophila melanogaster
Linkage - ANSWER - According to Mendel's law of independent assortment, alleles for
different characterisics always assort independently (H0)
- Morgan looked at two traits:
Body color (gray dominant) and wing shape (large wings dominant)
- Morgan also discovered that even if genes are linked, they are not always inherited
together
Genetic Recombination: Absolute Linkage - ANSWER Rare- genes at different loci on
the same chromosome do sometimes separate
-Genes may recombine during prophase 1 of Meiosis by crossing over.
-Chromosomes exchange corresponding segments. The exchange involves two
chromatids ir the tetrad; both chromatids become recombinant
X-linked dominant inheritance - ANSWER The trait is never passed from father to son
- All sons of an affected male and a normal female are normal
- All daughters of an affected male and a normal female are affected
- Mating of affected females and normal males produce 1⁄2 the sons affected and 1⁄2 of
the daughters affected
Calculating genetic distance - ANSWER - Uses recombinant frequencies to make
genetic maps (showing arrangement of genes along a chromosome)
- Distance between genes=map unit=recombinant frequency of 0.01
100%
What is Autosomal Dominant Inheritance? - ANSWER - Dominant Allele
- Males and females likely to inherit trait.
- "Dominant"- having at least one allele is all it takes
What is Autosomal Recessive Inheritance? - ANSWER - Recessive Allele
- Males and Females equally affected
- Needs both alleles to be recessive to have trait
- Having only one makes person a "carrier," no expression
How do bad alleles happen? - ANSWER - Mutations, change the genomic sequences
- Mutation can, have no effect, create a different product, prevent gene from functioning
- Not all mutations are "bad"
What are Somatic Mutations? - ANSWER Mutations not transferred to next generation
Example: Cancer
When can mutations affect descending generations? - ANSWER If mutations occur in
cells that become gametes (in Meiosis), mutations can be passed to next generation
What can cause mutations? - ANSWER Radiation, Viruses, Chemicals, or errors during
Meiosis or DNA replication
Homozygous parentals with different traits - ANSWER Phenotype dominant X
Recessive
What is a Monohybrid Cross? - ANSWER Crossed F1 X F1
What is Backcross? - ANSWER Crossed F1 back to recessive parental
What is Probability? - ANSWER Used when more than two traits
0 = 0% & Event will not happen
1 = 100% & Event will happen
The sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes of an event must be 1
"and" --->Multiply
"or"----> Add
Genetic Example 1:
,Mendel crossed two heterozygous smooth-, yellow-seeded F1 plants. What's the
probability that the offspring was smooth-, green-seeded? - ANSWER - Probability that
it's smooth = 3/4
- Probability that it's green = 1/4
- Probability that it's smooth and green =
3/ 4 x 1/4 = 3/16
Genetic Example 2:
What's the probability of obtaining a wrinkled-, green- seeded, tall, purple-flowered
offspring from a self-cross of heterozygous round-seeded, yellow-seeded, tall, purple-
flowered F1 pea plants? - ANSWER AaBbCcDd×AaBbCcDd
- Probability that it's wrinkled (aa) = 1/4
- Probability that it's green (bb) = 1/4
- Probability that it's tall (CC or Cc) = 3/4
- Probability that it's purple (DD or Dd) = 3/4
- Probability that it's wrinkled, green, tall, purple =
3/4 x 3/4 x 1/4 x 1/4 = 9/256
Genetic Example 3: - ANSWER
Probability Example 1:
Joe and Amy plan to have two children. Whats the probability that the first is a boy and
the second is a girl? - ANSWER -0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25
Probability Example 2:
What's the probability of having a family with all girl children, assuming the family has 5
children? - ANSWER - 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 = (0.5)5 = 0.03125
What is Co-Dominance? - ANSWER Two alleles both affect the phenotype in separate,
distinguishable ways
I^A: Dominant
I^B: Dominant
I^A and I^B: C0-Dominant
i: recessive
How do blood types work?
Type A - ANSWER Type A glycoprotein on blood cell ONLY
How do blood types work?
Type B - ANSWER Type B glycoprotein on blood cell ONLY
How do blood types work?
O - ANSWER No recognizable glycoprotein from this group on blood cell
How do blood types work?
, AB - ANSWER Both A and B glycoproteins
What are Glycoproteins? - ANSWER - Are proteins
- If you don't normally have it and you get blood with it, your body's own antibodies will
attack it as foreign
Rh +/- - ANSWER Additional blood system describing many antigens on the blood cells
Rh positive (Rh+):
Blood cells have D antigen
Rh negative (Rh-):
Blood cells do not have D antigen
Founders of Linkage - ANSWER Mendel (1865): OG
Thomas Hunt Morgan: Added to Mendels idea w/ Chromosome Theory
Morgan's Model organism was the fruit fly
Drosophila melanogaster
Linkage - ANSWER - According to Mendel's law of independent assortment, alleles for
different characterisics always assort independently (H0)
- Morgan looked at two traits:
Body color (gray dominant) and wing shape (large wings dominant)
- Morgan also discovered that even if genes are linked, they are not always inherited
together
Genetic Recombination: Absolute Linkage - ANSWER Rare- genes at different loci on
the same chromosome do sometimes separate
-Genes may recombine during prophase 1 of Meiosis by crossing over.
-Chromosomes exchange corresponding segments. The exchange involves two
chromatids ir the tetrad; both chromatids become recombinant
X-linked dominant inheritance - ANSWER The trait is never passed from father to son
- All sons of an affected male and a normal female are normal
- All daughters of an affected male and a normal female are affected
- Mating of affected females and normal males produce 1⁄2 the sons affected and 1⁄2 of
the daughters affected
Calculating genetic distance - ANSWER - Uses recombinant frequencies to make
genetic maps (showing arrangement of genes along a chromosome)
- Distance between genes=map unit=recombinant frequency of 0.01
