CRIM 103, CRIM 103 MIDTERM EXAM WITH
QUESTIONS AND WELL VERIFIED ANSWERS
[GRADED A+] REAL EXAM 100%
developmental pathway view Correct Answer: views the life course of all humans as
following a path/trajectory that may contain risk factors
various tracks individuals follow that lead to criminal behaviour
cumulative risk model Correct Answer: accumulation of risk factors in absence of
protective factors results in negative behavioural, cognitive and emotional outcomes
greater number of risk factors = greater prevalence of mental health, cognitive deficits,
and behaviour problems
developmental cascade model Correct Answer: person's developmental skills or
deficits enhance, affect or determine the next skill or deficit along the life course
trajectory
argue negative experiences alter child's trajectory and normal development
provides target for intervention and prevention
poverty Correct Answer: situation where basic resources to maintain an average
standard of living within a specific geographic region are lacking
peer rejection/antisocial peers Correct Answer: strongest predictor of later
involvement in antisocial behaviour
Peer rejection reasons Correct Answer: perceived as different, asperger's or autism,
aggression, shy or socially withdrawn
academic failure or dropout Correct Answer: a large population of those in state
prisons or other types of jails did not receive a high school diploma
early academic failure sets up a series of events that increase risks
strongly associated with delinquency and adult criminal behaviour
1|Page
,reading achievement powerful predictor of later arrest and criminal activity
high reading achievement = protective factor
single parent households Correct Answer: youth are more likely to be delinquents if
parents are separated or divorced
parental practices Correct Answer: The diverse range of parental behaviours occurring
in the family context, including disciplinary approaches, monitoring and supervision
strategies, and interactional styles
parental styles Correct Answer: parent child interactions characterized by attitudes
toward child and emotional climate of parent-child relationship
includes gestures, tone, voice, emotional expressions
responsive parenting Correct Answer: warm, playful, accepting, engaging, lead to
social competence, peer acceptance, less antisocial behaviour
Authoritarian Correct Answer: try to shape, control, evaluate behaviour of their
children according to a pre-established standard
lots of rules, discourage verbal exchange, imply equality, between parent and child,
expect obedience, unquestionable respect for authority, deviations are met with
punishment
not closely associated with criminal behaviour
permissive Correct Answer: tolerant, nonpunitive, accepting attitudes towards child's
behaviour including aggression and sexual impuses
avoid asserting authority or imposing social control or restrictions on child
parents are "resource persons", to be consulted and needed, in effectual in socializing
roles, child has own schedule
this parenting style is not recommended
authoritative Correct Answer: try to direct child's activities in rational, issue-oriented
manner
2|Page
,frequent decision making exchanges, open communication, reasoned discussion social
control, expect age related behaviour, consistent family rules and standards, encourages
independence and individuality
neglecting Correct Answer: detachment, little involvement in child's life and activities,
not demanding or responsive
not interested in controlling behaviour or monitoring child's activities
strongest risk factor for delinquency and life of crime
more likely to be antisocial, lack self regulation, social responsibility and cognitive
competence
lax Correct Answer: not sufficiently attuned to what is considered problematic or
antisocial behaviour in children
allow behaviour to slip by without punishment, pretend they do not know what is
going on
fail to recognize child involvement in deviant antisocial/violent actions
parental monitoring Correct Answer: parents awareness of child's peer associates, free
time activities, physical whereabouts when not home
monitored youth less likely to participate in drug and alcohol use or engage in
delinquent behaviour
parents who stay informed of child's behaviour and structure child's environment lead
to better outcomes
important during middle school years
balanced monitoring is important
siblings Correct Answer: younger sibling may imitate older sibling but not always
if closer in age they may strive to be different than older sibling
3|Page
, delinquent behaviour from older sibling may reinforce antisocial behaviour in younger
but if they are not close the opposite effect may occur
attachment theory (bowlby) Correct Answer: infants have a strong need to establish
close emotional bonds with significant others in their social environments
nature of this emotional bond determines the quality of social relationships later on in
life
secure attachment Correct Answer: infants use parents as secure base from which to
explore
play comfortably in unfamiliar environments if parent is present but when parent
leaves child becomes distressed
2 types of insecure attachment Correct Answer: anxious/ambivalent and avoidant
anxious/ambivalent attachment Correct Answer: becomes intensely distressed and
anxious when separated from parents in new or unfamiliar environments
cling to parents without much exploration
when parent returns after separation, child is indifferent or hostile and may push parent
away and cry when picked up to leave
avoidant attachment Correct Answer: little distress from child whether or not parent is
present
rarely cry at separation or reunion
associated with dismissing attachment in adulthood
reactive attachment disorder Correct Answer: results from child neglect
child demonstrates socially withdrawn behaviour toward adult caregivers
disinhibited social engagement disorder Correct Answer: pattern of behaviour in which
a child actively approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults
willing to go off with unfamiliar adult
4|Page
QUESTIONS AND WELL VERIFIED ANSWERS
[GRADED A+] REAL EXAM 100%
developmental pathway view Correct Answer: views the life course of all humans as
following a path/trajectory that may contain risk factors
various tracks individuals follow that lead to criminal behaviour
cumulative risk model Correct Answer: accumulation of risk factors in absence of
protective factors results in negative behavioural, cognitive and emotional outcomes
greater number of risk factors = greater prevalence of mental health, cognitive deficits,
and behaviour problems
developmental cascade model Correct Answer: person's developmental skills or
deficits enhance, affect or determine the next skill or deficit along the life course
trajectory
argue negative experiences alter child's trajectory and normal development
provides target for intervention and prevention
poverty Correct Answer: situation where basic resources to maintain an average
standard of living within a specific geographic region are lacking
peer rejection/antisocial peers Correct Answer: strongest predictor of later
involvement in antisocial behaviour
Peer rejection reasons Correct Answer: perceived as different, asperger's or autism,
aggression, shy or socially withdrawn
academic failure or dropout Correct Answer: a large population of those in state
prisons or other types of jails did not receive a high school diploma
early academic failure sets up a series of events that increase risks
strongly associated with delinquency and adult criminal behaviour
1|Page
,reading achievement powerful predictor of later arrest and criminal activity
high reading achievement = protective factor
single parent households Correct Answer: youth are more likely to be delinquents if
parents are separated or divorced
parental practices Correct Answer: The diverse range of parental behaviours occurring
in the family context, including disciplinary approaches, monitoring and supervision
strategies, and interactional styles
parental styles Correct Answer: parent child interactions characterized by attitudes
toward child and emotional climate of parent-child relationship
includes gestures, tone, voice, emotional expressions
responsive parenting Correct Answer: warm, playful, accepting, engaging, lead to
social competence, peer acceptance, less antisocial behaviour
Authoritarian Correct Answer: try to shape, control, evaluate behaviour of their
children according to a pre-established standard
lots of rules, discourage verbal exchange, imply equality, between parent and child,
expect obedience, unquestionable respect for authority, deviations are met with
punishment
not closely associated with criminal behaviour
permissive Correct Answer: tolerant, nonpunitive, accepting attitudes towards child's
behaviour including aggression and sexual impuses
avoid asserting authority or imposing social control or restrictions on child
parents are "resource persons", to be consulted and needed, in effectual in socializing
roles, child has own schedule
this parenting style is not recommended
authoritative Correct Answer: try to direct child's activities in rational, issue-oriented
manner
2|Page
,frequent decision making exchanges, open communication, reasoned discussion social
control, expect age related behaviour, consistent family rules and standards, encourages
independence and individuality
neglecting Correct Answer: detachment, little involvement in child's life and activities,
not demanding or responsive
not interested in controlling behaviour or monitoring child's activities
strongest risk factor for delinquency and life of crime
more likely to be antisocial, lack self regulation, social responsibility and cognitive
competence
lax Correct Answer: not sufficiently attuned to what is considered problematic or
antisocial behaviour in children
allow behaviour to slip by without punishment, pretend they do not know what is
going on
fail to recognize child involvement in deviant antisocial/violent actions
parental monitoring Correct Answer: parents awareness of child's peer associates, free
time activities, physical whereabouts when not home
monitored youth less likely to participate in drug and alcohol use or engage in
delinquent behaviour
parents who stay informed of child's behaviour and structure child's environment lead
to better outcomes
important during middle school years
balanced monitoring is important
siblings Correct Answer: younger sibling may imitate older sibling but not always
if closer in age they may strive to be different than older sibling
3|Page
, delinquent behaviour from older sibling may reinforce antisocial behaviour in younger
but if they are not close the opposite effect may occur
attachment theory (bowlby) Correct Answer: infants have a strong need to establish
close emotional bonds with significant others in their social environments
nature of this emotional bond determines the quality of social relationships later on in
life
secure attachment Correct Answer: infants use parents as secure base from which to
explore
play comfortably in unfamiliar environments if parent is present but when parent
leaves child becomes distressed
2 types of insecure attachment Correct Answer: anxious/ambivalent and avoidant
anxious/ambivalent attachment Correct Answer: becomes intensely distressed and
anxious when separated from parents in new or unfamiliar environments
cling to parents without much exploration
when parent returns after separation, child is indifferent or hostile and may push parent
away and cry when picked up to leave
avoidant attachment Correct Answer: little distress from child whether or not parent is
present
rarely cry at separation or reunion
associated with dismissing attachment in adulthood
reactive attachment disorder Correct Answer: results from child neglect
child demonstrates socially withdrawn behaviour toward adult caregivers
disinhibited social engagement disorder Correct Answer: pattern of behaviour in which
a child actively approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults
willing to go off with unfamiliar adult
4|Page
