MICR 4423 - FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
What characterized medicine before the late 19th century? - Answers :the four
humors//paliative or aggressive
What were some common medical interventions? - Answers :Palliative and aggressive
interventions - non-curative but relieves symptoms, often did more harm than good;
make you bleed, urinate, deficate
Who defined the "four humors" theory and when was it defined? - Answers :Galen in
150 A.D
What are the four humors? - Answers :black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood
Contrast the treatments required by the "four humors" theory of disease and the germ
theory of disease. - Answers :Germ Theory - finding the bacteria and killing/stopping
growth of it
4 Humors: miasma; rebalancing the humors
About when did the antibiotic age begin? - Answers :the first half of the 1940's
what was the first widely availible antibiotic? When were the first patients treated with it?
- Answers :penicillin-Albert Alexander (1941) and Ann Miller (1942)
when did the first antibiotic become widely available ? - Answers :1945
who was the first person to be treated with penicillin and then went on to live out a long
life? - Answers :ann miller (1942)
How was the discovery of dyes that specifically stain particular cell types logically
related to the search for antibacterial drugs? - Answers :the dyes were able to help
distinguish between different cells and made the progress quicker
What physical property of Salvarsan and Prontosil made them difficult to administer? -
Answers :They were not water soluble
What sulfanilamide-related disaster in Tulsa led to tighter federal regulations of drug
labeling and composition? - Answers :The toxic raspberry elixir of sulfanilamide mixed
into diethyl glycogen - killed people who took it
Who is typically credited with the discovery of penicillin? What were his key
contributions? - Answers :Fleming; discovered it kills bacteria and that it's harmless to
humans
, What was the principal problem that prevented Fleming from developing penicillin as a
treatment? - Answers :wasn't able to isolate enough in a stable form to study it further
Who composed the team that brought treatment with penicillin from an idea to reality,
and what were their roles? Where did they work? When did they conduct the bulk of
their work? - Answers :1. Dunn School Team
- Florey - project leader
- Chain - Chemist
- Heatley - engineer/mechanical genius
2. Worked at the Dunn School in Oxford
3. Worked from 1937-1941
What is the function of the bacterial cell wall? - Answers :1. gives cell its shape
2. resists turgor pressure
How many molecules compose the cell wall surrounding an individual bacterium? -
Answers :One—the cell wall is a single, giant, covalently linked macromolecule
Why do bacterial cells have to have carefully coordinated enzymatic activities on the cell
wall in order to grow? - Answers :The cell wall is always under mechanical stress but
also must be enlarged for the cell to grow. Hence, bonds must be broken so that the cell
wall can grow but without compromising its structural integrity. Adding exactly where
you are cutting in order to grow without rupturing
For a rod-shaped bacterial cell, cell wall growth can be divided into two distinct phases.
What are they? Which of these is the only phase for a spherical cell? - Answers
:Elongation and division. In a spherical cell, division only.
Describe a peptidoglycan precursor molecule in terms of the number and types of
smaller molecular groups that it is made from. You can draw a diagram. - Answers :Nag
and Nam connected to each other (disaccharides) and 5 in peptide chain branching of
the Nam, final two in chain are D-ala D-ala. It is a disaccharide (NAG-NAM) with a
pentapeptide extending from the NAM saccharide.
Which part of a PG precursor is used to build glycan strands?
PG precursor is used to build peptide cross-bridges?
What are the names of the enzymes that polymerize glycan strands and peptide cross-
bridges, respectively? - Answers :NAG and NAM
pentapeptide
Transglycosylase (TGase) and transpeptidase (TPase)
What part of a PG precursor is used to link it to the existing PG wall structure? -
Answers :The pentapeptide
What characterized medicine before the late 19th century? - Answers :the four
humors//paliative or aggressive
What were some common medical interventions? - Answers :Palliative and aggressive
interventions - non-curative but relieves symptoms, often did more harm than good;
make you bleed, urinate, deficate
Who defined the "four humors" theory and when was it defined? - Answers :Galen in
150 A.D
What are the four humors? - Answers :black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood
Contrast the treatments required by the "four humors" theory of disease and the germ
theory of disease. - Answers :Germ Theory - finding the bacteria and killing/stopping
growth of it
4 Humors: miasma; rebalancing the humors
About when did the antibiotic age begin? - Answers :the first half of the 1940's
what was the first widely availible antibiotic? When were the first patients treated with it?
- Answers :penicillin-Albert Alexander (1941) and Ann Miller (1942)
when did the first antibiotic become widely available ? - Answers :1945
who was the first person to be treated with penicillin and then went on to live out a long
life? - Answers :ann miller (1942)
How was the discovery of dyes that specifically stain particular cell types logically
related to the search for antibacterial drugs? - Answers :the dyes were able to help
distinguish between different cells and made the progress quicker
What physical property of Salvarsan and Prontosil made them difficult to administer? -
Answers :They were not water soluble
What sulfanilamide-related disaster in Tulsa led to tighter federal regulations of drug
labeling and composition? - Answers :The toxic raspberry elixir of sulfanilamide mixed
into diethyl glycogen - killed people who took it
Who is typically credited with the discovery of penicillin? What were his key
contributions? - Answers :Fleming; discovered it kills bacteria and that it's harmless to
humans
, What was the principal problem that prevented Fleming from developing penicillin as a
treatment? - Answers :wasn't able to isolate enough in a stable form to study it further
Who composed the team that brought treatment with penicillin from an idea to reality,
and what were their roles? Where did they work? When did they conduct the bulk of
their work? - Answers :1. Dunn School Team
- Florey - project leader
- Chain - Chemist
- Heatley - engineer/mechanical genius
2. Worked at the Dunn School in Oxford
3. Worked from 1937-1941
What is the function of the bacterial cell wall? - Answers :1. gives cell its shape
2. resists turgor pressure
How many molecules compose the cell wall surrounding an individual bacterium? -
Answers :One—the cell wall is a single, giant, covalently linked macromolecule
Why do bacterial cells have to have carefully coordinated enzymatic activities on the cell
wall in order to grow? - Answers :The cell wall is always under mechanical stress but
also must be enlarged for the cell to grow. Hence, bonds must be broken so that the cell
wall can grow but without compromising its structural integrity. Adding exactly where
you are cutting in order to grow without rupturing
For a rod-shaped bacterial cell, cell wall growth can be divided into two distinct phases.
What are they? Which of these is the only phase for a spherical cell? - Answers
:Elongation and division. In a spherical cell, division only.
Describe a peptidoglycan precursor molecule in terms of the number and types of
smaller molecular groups that it is made from. You can draw a diagram. - Answers :Nag
and Nam connected to each other (disaccharides) and 5 in peptide chain branching of
the Nam, final two in chain are D-ala D-ala. It is a disaccharide (NAG-NAM) with a
pentapeptide extending from the NAM saccharide.
Which part of a PG precursor is used to build glycan strands?
PG precursor is used to build peptide cross-bridges?
What are the names of the enzymes that polymerize glycan strands and peptide cross-
bridges, respectively? - Answers :NAG and NAM
pentapeptide
Transglycosylase (TGase) and transpeptidase (TPase)
What part of a PG precursor is used to link it to the existing PG wall structure? -
Answers :The pentapeptide
