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Samenvatting - Sociologie

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Sociologie
Hoofdstuk 1. Wat is sociologie?................................................................................................................................ 5
1.1 Sociologisch denken......................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1.1 Inleiding........................................................................................................................................................ 5
1.1.2 Alles is contingent, maar niet arbitrair........................................................................................... 6
Alles is contingent…...................................................................................................................................... 6
… maar niet arbitrair.................................................................................................................................... 6
De mens maakt zijn eigen geschiedenis............................................................................................ 6
1.1.3 Sociologische verbeelding.................................................................................................................... 7
1.1.4 Sociale context.......................................................................................................................................... 9
1.1.4.1 Drie niveaus: micro, meso en macroniveau........................................................................9
1.1.4.2 Contextuele factoren (bevinden zich in sociale context)...........................................10
1.1.5 Definitie van sociologie........................................................................................................................ 11
1.1.6 Gedrag, sociaal handelen en interactie.......................................................................................12
1.1.6.1 Gedrag................................................................................................................................................ 12
1.1.6.2 Sociaal handelen........................................................................................................................... 12
1.1.6.3 Interactie.......................................................................................................................................... 12
1.2 Ontstaan van sociologie als wetenschap............................................................................................. 14
Hoofdstuk 2: Socialisatie........................................................................................................................................... 16
2.1 Inleiding............................................................................................................................................................... 16
2.2 Wat is socialisatie............................................................................................................................................ 16
2.3 Functie van socialisatie................................................................................................................................. 16
2.4 Primaire, secundaire en tertiaire socialisatie.....................................................................................17
2.4.1 Hoe verloopt primaire socialisatie.................................................................................................18
2.4.2 Looking-glass self................................................................................................................................. 20
2.4.3 Secundaire socialisatie........................................................................................................................ 21
2.4.4 Tertiaire socialisatie............................................................................................................................. 22
2.5 Differentiële socialisatie............................................................................................................................... 22
2.5.1 Socialisatie is klassegebonden........................................................................................................ 23
2.5.1.1 Melvin Kohn: gezin als cultuurfilter.......................................................................................23
2.5.1.2 Bourdieu: onderwijs als syteem van sociale reproductie...........................................25
2.5.2 Socialisatie is genderspecifiek........................................................................................................ 26
2.6 Anticiperende socialisatie........................................................................................................................... 27
2.7 Hersocialisatie................................................................................................................................................... 27
Hoofdstuk 3: Bouwstenen van de samenleving..............................................................................................28
3.1 Maatschappelijke organisatie: de structurele en culturele dimensie......................................28
3.1.1 Sociale structuur..................................................................................................................................... 28
3.1.1.1 Sociale posities............................................................................................................................... 28
3.1.1.2 Sociale status.................................................................................................................................. 29
3.1.1.3 Sociale rollen................................................................................................................................... 31
3.1.1.4 Rolset.................................................................................................................................................. 31
3.1.1.5 Rolconflicten.................................................................................................................................... 32
3.1.2 Cultuur: waarden, normen en verwachtingen...........................................................................32
3.1.2.1 Waarden............................................................................................................................................ 32
3.1.2.2 Normen.............................................................................................................................................. 33
3.1.2.3 Sociale controle............................................................................................................................. 34

, 3.2 Institutionalisering.......................................................................................................................................... 35
3.2.1 Instituties................................................................................................................................................... 35
3.2.2 Primaire instituties................................................................................................................................. 36
3.2.2.1 Gezin als institutie........................................................................................................................ 36
a) ontstaan: sociobiologische verklaring..................................................................................36
b) ontstaan: historische verklaring.............................................................................................. 36
c) gezin als institutie........................................................................................................................... 37
3.2.2 Desinstitutionalisering van het gezin............................................................................................ 37
3.2.3 Secundaire instituties........................................................................................................................... 38
3.3 Sociale verandering........................................................................................................................................ 38
3.3.1 Samenleving: stabiliteit én verandering......................................................................................38
3.3.2 Niveaus van sociale verandering................................................................................................... 38
3.3.3 Sociale veranderingen in 21ste eeuw............................................................................................39
Hoofdstuk 4: Cultuur en samenleving................................................................................................................. 41
4.1 Wat is cultuur.................................................................................................................................................... 41
4.1.1 Cultuur - samenleving.......................................................................................................................... 41
4.1.2 Cultuurverandering............................................................................................................................... 41
4.1.3 Culturele componenten....................................................................................................................... 42
4.1.4 Cultural lag............................................................................................................................................... 43
4.2 Dominante culturen, subculturen en tegenculturen.......................................................................44
4.3 Cultuuroverdracht.......................................................................................................................................... 44
4.4 Etnocentrisme en cultureel relativisme................................................................................................ 45
Hoofdstuk 5: Groeperingen...................................................................................................................................... 47
5.1 Inleiding............................................................................................................................................................... 47
5.2 Groeperingen en hun kenmerken............................................................................................................ 47
5.3 Typologie van groeperingen volgens Merton....................................................................................48
5.3.1 De groep..................................................................................................................................................... 49
5.3.2 De collectiviteit....................................................................................................................................... 49
5.3.3 De togetherness situation/het samenzijn..................................................................................49
5.3.4 De sociale categorie............................................................................................................................ 50
5.4 Primaire en secundaire groepen............................................................................................................. 50
5.4.1 Primaire groepen................................................................................................................................... 50
5.4.2 Secundaire groepen............................................................................................................................. 51
5.5 Formele en informele groepen.................................................................................................................. 51
5.6 Referentiegroepen.......................................................................................................................................... 51
5.6.1 Comparatieve referentiegroep........................................................................................................ 52
5.6.2 Normatieve referentiegroep............................................................................................................ 52
5.7 Ook conflicten houden groepen samen................................................................................................ 52
5.7.1 Binnengroepsconflict............................................................................................................................ 52
5.7.2 Tussengroepsconflict........................................................................................................................... 52
5.8 Netwerk................................................................................................................................................................ 53
5.8.1 Inleiding..................................................................................................................................................... 53
5.8.2 Omschrijving (persoonlijke netwerken).......................................................................................53
5.8.3 Kenmerken van een netwerk............................................................................................................ 53
5.8.3.1 Morfologische kenmerken........................................................................................................ 53
Structuur.................................................................................................................................................. 54
Omvang.................................................................................................................................................... 54
Dichtheid.................................................................................................................................................. 54

, Diversiteit................................................................................................................................................ 54
Centraliteit.............................................................................................................................................. 54
5.8.3.2 Interactionele kenmerken....................................................................................................... 54
Sterkte....................................................................................................................................................... 54
Homofilie.................................................................................................................................................. 55
Verwantschap........................................................................................................................................ 55
5.9 Organisatie......................................................................................................................................................... 55
5.9.1 Formele organisatie.............................................................................................................................. 55
5.9.2 Bureaucratie (Weber).......................................................................................................................... 55
5.9.3 Nadelen en uitdagingen van bureaucratische organisatie...............................................57
5.9.4 Netwerkorganisatie.............................................................................................................................. 58
Hoofdstuk 6: Sociale ongelijkheid en sociale stratificatie.........................................................................60
6.1 Inleiding............................................................................................................................................................... 60
6.2 Begrippen............................................................................................................................................................ 60
6.3 Sociale ongelijkheid vandaag.................................................................................................................... 62
6.3.1 Armoedegrenzen en armoedegetallen (België).......................................................................62
6.3.2 Ongelijk gebruik van collectieve voorzieningen......................................................................64
6.3.2.1 Mattheüseffect.............................................................................................................................. 64
6.3.2.2 Sociale ongelijkheid en onderwijs........................................................................................64
6.3.2.3 Sociale ongelijkheid en gezondheid....................................................................................64
6.4 (Sociologische) verklaringen voor sociale stratificatie.................................................................65
6.4.1 Marx – Eendimensionale benadering........................................................................................... 65
Ontstaan van klassen......................................................................................................................... 65
6.4.2 Weber – Meerdimensionale benadering.....................................................................................67
6.4.3 Davis & Moore: Functionalistische verklaring..........................................................................68
6.4.4 Erik Olin Wright – Klassenstructuur.............................................................................................. 69
6.4.5 Bestaan er nog sociale klassen? Recente ontwikkelingen in de sociale stratificatie
.................................................................................................................................................................................. 70
6.4.6 Veranderingen in klassenstructuur................................................................................................71
6.4.6.1 Nieuwe middenklasse................................................................................................................. 71
6.4.6.2 Upper class...................................................................................................................................... 71
6.4.6.3 Arbeidersklasse............................................................................................................................. 71
6.4.6.4 Ontstaat er een onderklasse?................................................................................................. 71
6.5 Sociale mobiliteit............................................................................................................................................. 72
Hoofdstuk 7: Deviantie............................................................................................................................................... 73
7.1 Deviant gedrag................................................................................................................................................. 73
7.2 Deviantie is relatief......................................................................................................................................... 73
7.3 Sociologische verklaringsmodellen......................................................................................................... 74
7.3.1 Anomietheorie – Dürkheim................................................................................................................ 75
7.3.2 Anomietheorie – Merton...................................................................................................................... 76
7.3.3 Differentiële associatietheorie – Sutherland.............................................................................77
7.3.4 Delinquente subcultuur – Cohen..................................................................................................... 78
7.3.5 Gelegenheidstheorie of rationele-keuze theorie – Felson..................................................78
7.3.6 Sociale controletheorie – Hirschi.................................................................................................... 79
7.3.7 Labelingstheorie – Becker................................................................................................................. 80
7.3.8 Besluit.......................................................................................................................................................... 80
Hoofdstuk 8: Sociologische benaderingen........................................................................................................ 81
8.1 Inleiding............................................................................................................................................................... 81

, 8.2 Oriëntatiemodel sociologische stromingen.........................................................................................81
actoren en systemen................................................................................................................................. 81
Consensus en conflict............................................................................................................................... 82
Oriëntatiemodel.......................................................................................................................................... 82
8.3 Symbolisch interactionisme........................................................................................................................ 82
8.3.1 Inleiding..................................................................................................................................................... 82
8.3.2 Interactionistische sociologen, Mead, Cooley en Thomas.................................................82
8.3.3 Goffman..................................................................................................................................................... 83
8.3.4 Pygmalion in the classroom............................................................................................................. 84
8.4 Sociale ruiltheorie........................................................................................................................................... 85
8.4.1 Individualistische benadering – Homans...................................................................................86
8.4.2 Structurele benadering – Blau......................................................................................................... 86
8.4.3 Rationele keuzetheorie....................................................................................................................... 86
8.5 Structuralisme................................................................................................................................................... 87
8.5.1 Toepassing van structuralisme: zelfmoordtheorie van Durkheim..................................88
8.6 Conflictsociologie............................................................................................................................................ 89

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