6.0 Right of Way & Natural Areas
Compare and contrast solid vs. hazardous waste. - ANS--*solid*: anything not classified as
hazardous waste; can be solid, liquid, or contained gas; "trash"; any discarded or abandoned
materials
-*hazardous*: classification found on SDS sheet
Compare and explain the difference between acute and delayed effects - ANS--acute = short
term, occur within minutes/hours after exposure
-delayed = long term, occur weeks, months, or years after exposure
Compare selective and nonselective herbicides - ANS--*selective*: only harm certain plants (but
can harm nontarget plants under stressful weather conditions or if misapplied
-*nonselective*: toxic to most/all plants
Compare the cause of, and difference between, pest resurgence and a secondary pest outbreak
- ANS--*pest resurgence*: loss of predators and parasites allows target pest to rebound and
even surpass pretreatment levels because of lack of predators
-*secondary pest outbreak*: loss of predators andd parasites allows a different pest to rebound
because of a lack of predators for them
Compare the difference between particle and vapor drift - ANS--*particle drift*: spray
-*vapor drift*: fumes; volatile pesticide turns into gas and moves away from target area; may
move farther/over longer time than spray
Compare the types of info you can find on a pesticide label and its SDS sheet - ANS--SDS
sheet usually has more detailed and technical info than the label about the product's chemical
and physical properties, toxicological and ecological info, first-aid procedures, and emergency
response.
-SDS is meant for different professionals
-always heed the label if the SDS contradicts it
Contrast the difference between organic and inorganic pesticides - ANS--*organic*: most
pesticides are this; most are synthetic; extremely effective; specific; principal focus of
health/envtl concerns; commonly associated with problems of pesticide use/misuse
-*inorganic*: derived from minerals; silica aerogel, boric acid, borates, diatomaceous earth,
copper, sulfur; some have been banned for health/envtl concerns; used mainly for plant
diseases and algicides; non-specific and less effective than organics
Define overspray and drift - ANS--*overspray*: direct application of pesticide beyond boundaries
of target area; negligent on applicator and flatly prohibited
,-*drift*: movement of pesticide in air currents beyond boundaries of target area; can be
solid/liquid/vapor particles; applicator responsible for controlling drift
Define the term "formulation" and describe the function of inert ingredients. - ANS--formulation is
a combo of active and inert ingredients that forms an end-use product
-inert ingredients are those added to formulations that have no pesticidal activity
-*inert ingredient functions (can be any one of these)*: to dilute; act as a carrier (such as an
organic solvent or mineral clay); help it be more effective (stickers and spreaders); or to
stabilize, dye, or improve/enhance pesticidal activity; increase storage stability or others.
Define the terms "right-of-way" and "natural area". - ANS--*right-of-way*: an area of land used
(or adjacent to) areas of access, transportation or power. Could include land used for electric
power lines, pipelines, rialways, public roads, etc.
-*natural areas*: land being preserved or restored and managed for its natural or native features
Define the terms risk, toxicity, and exposure and explain how they relate to the potential for
pesticides to cause harm to people - ANS--Risk: measure of the likelihood that a person will be
harmed by a pesticide and its particular use
-Toxicity: measure of the ability of a pesticide to cause injury
-Exposure: when pesticide comes in contact with you thorugh skin, ingestion, or inhalation.
-Risk = Toxicity x Exposure
Define the word pesticide and explain how the word difers from specific types of pesticides. -
ANS--*Pesticide*: any substance used to directly control pest populations or to prevent or
reduce pest damage
-'pesticide' is broad and refers to the killing of any pests. insecticide, fungicide, and herbicide are
specific.
Define what a signal word is and how it relates to the relative toxicity of a pesticide - ANS--a
signal word indicates the relative acute toxicity of the product to humans
-it compares its toxicity to another product with a different signal word
Define what constitutes a spill - ANS--a spill is a release of a compound into the environment
(air, water, soil) in any manner other than its intended use
Define when pesticide becomes waste and who is responsible for disposing of it. -
ANS--pesticide becomes waste when it has served its originally intended purpose or you intend
to discard it
-YOU are responsible for proper disposal of generated pesticide wastes
Describe and contrast the difference between a private applicator, a commercial applicator
for-hire, and a commercial applicator not-for-hire. - ANS--*Private*: use or direct use of
pesticides to produce agricultural commodity AND applications occur on land owned or rented
, by that person or their employer or on someone else's land if for exchange of goods or services
between ag producers (e.g. farms)
-*Commercial applicator for-hire*: use or direct use of pesticides on a contract basis - getting
paid by 3rd party to make pesticide applications on someone else's property (e.g. applications to
a transmission company's powerline right-of-way)
-*Commercial applicator not-for-hire*: use or direct use only to sites that you or your employer
controls and don't contract out pesticide services (e.g. county employee who only applies
pesticides on county land)
Describe how both contact and systemic herbicides work and how they differ. - ANS--*Contact*:
don't move within plant, only kill parts they touch
-*Systemic*: absorbed thru leaves/roots and translocated; flow to growing points of stems/roots,
killing perennial weeds; need correct application rate (high enough to translocate but not so high
as to kill on contact)
Describe how different characteristics of pesticides (e.g. adsorption, solubility, etc.) can affect
movement of a pesticide from a target site - ANS--*solubility*: greater solubility in water
increases likelihood of surface runoff or leaching into GW
-*adsorption*: high adsorption results in pesticides likely not to be carried away by surface
runoff, but erosion of soil particles can lead to contamination
-*volatility*: this increases as wind and temp increase; vaporization leads to drift and downwind
problems
-*persistence*: a measure of how long a pesticide remains in active form in environment; larger
persistence, especially beyond the needed time, increases chances of it moving from target site
-*degradation*: when pesticides break down into often less toxic compounds; pesticides vary
greatly in susceptibility to degradation, which can occur from the sun (photodegradation),
chemical (hydrolysis), or from microbes.
Describe how pesticide resistance arises in a pest population - ANS--when pest is treated with
pesticide, resistant members of the population will survive and repopulate, increasing the
resistant population
-*cross resistance*: pest pops can become resistant to another related pesticide to one they're
already resistant to because similar pesticides use the same mode of action (kills in the same
way)
-*multiple resistance*: resistance to different modes of action
Describe how pesticides are assigned to toxicity categories and given signal words -
ANS--assigned to toxicity category & given signal words based on the highest measured toxicity
(oral, dermal, or inhalation; with eye and external skin injury effects taken into account).
-*DANGER-POISON + skull/crossbones*: highly toxic w/ acute oral LD50 values from a trace to
50 mg/kg; a few drops orally could be fatal to a 150-lb person
-*DANGER*: highly toxic, potential for permanent or severe damage to skin, eyes, or lungs,
contact effects are more dangerous than LD50 acute systemic toxicity
Compare and contrast solid vs. hazardous waste. - ANS--*solid*: anything not classified as
hazardous waste; can be solid, liquid, or contained gas; "trash"; any discarded or abandoned
materials
-*hazardous*: classification found on SDS sheet
Compare and explain the difference between acute and delayed effects - ANS--acute = short
term, occur within minutes/hours after exposure
-delayed = long term, occur weeks, months, or years after exposure
Compare selective and nonselective herbicides - ANS--*selective*: only harm certain plants (but
can harm nontarget plants under stressful weather conditions or if misapplied
-*nonselective*: toxic to most/all plants
Compare the cause of, and difference between, pest resurgence and a secondary pest outbreak
- ANS--*pest resurgence*: loss of predators and parasites allows target pest to rebound and
even surpass pretreatment levels because of lack of predators
-*secondary pest outbreak*: loss of predators andd parasites allows a different pest to rebound
because of a lack of predators for them
Compare the difference between particle and vapor drift - ANS--*particle drift*: spray
-*vapor drift*: fumes; volatile pesticide turns into gas and moves away from target area; may
move farther/over longer time than spray
Compare the types of info you can find on a pesticide label and its SDS sheet - ANS--SDS
sheet usually has more detailed and technical info than the label about the product's chemical
and physical properties, toxicological and ecological info, first-aid procedures, and emergency
response.
-SDS is meant for different professionals
-always heed the label if the SDS contradicts it
Contrast the difference between organic and inorganic pesticides - ANS--*organic*: most
pesticides are this; most are synthetic; extremely effective; specific; principal focus of
health/envtl concerns; commonly associated with problems of pesticide use/misuse
-*inorganic*: derived from minerals; silica aerogel, boric acid, borates, diatomaceous earth,
copper, sulfur; some have been banned for health/envtl concerns; used mainly for plant
diseases and algicides; non-specific and less effective than organics
Define overspray and drift - ANS--*overspray*: direct application of pesticide beyond boundaries
of target area; negligent on applicator and flatly prohibited
,-*drift*: movement of pesticide in air currents beyond boundaries of target area; can be
solid/liquid/vapor particles; applicator responsible for controlling drift
Define the term "formulation" and describe the function of inert ingredients. - ANS--formulation is
a combo of active and inert ingredients that forms an end-use product
-inert ingredients are those added to formulations that have no pesticidal activity
-*inert ingredient functions (can be any one of these)*: to dilute; act as a carrier (such as an
organic solvent or mineral clay); help it be more effective (stickers and spreaders); or to
stabilize, dye, or improve/enhance pesticidal activity; increase storage stability or others.
Define the terms "right-of-way" and "natural area". - ANS--*right-of-way*: an area of land used
(or adjacent to) areas of access, transportation or power. Could include land used for electric
power lines, pipelines, rialways, public roads, etc.
-*natural areas*: land being preserved or restored and managed for its natural or native features
Define the terms risk, toxicity, and exposure and explain how they relate to the potential for
pesticides to cause harm to people - ANS--Risk: measure of the likelihood that a person will be
harmed by a pesticide and its particular use
-Toxicity: measure of the ability of a pesticide to cause injury
-Exposure: when pesticide comes in contact with you thorugh skin, ingestion, or inhalation.
-Risk = Toxicity x Exposure
Define the word pesticide and explain how the word difers from specific types of pesticides. -
ANS--*Pesticide*: any substance used to directly control pest populations or to prevent or
reduce pest damage
-'pesticide' is broad and refers to the killing of any pests. insecticide, fungicide, and herbicide are
specific.
Define what a signal word is and how it relates to the relative toxicity of a pesticide - ANS--a
signal word indicates the relative acute toxicity of the product to humans
-it compares its toxicity to another product with a different signal word
Define what constitutes a spill - ANS--a spill is a release of a compound into the environment
(air, water, soil) in any manner other than its intended use
Define when pesticide becomes waste and who is responsible for disposing of it. -
ANS--pesticide becomes waste when it has served its originally intended purpose or you intend
to discard it
-YOU are responsible for proper disposal of generated pesticide wastes
Describe and contrast the difference between a private applicator, a commercial applicator
for-hire, and a commercial applicator not-for-hire. - ANS--*Private*: use or direct use of
pesticides to produce agricultural commodity AND applications occur on land owned or rented
, by that person or their employer or on someone else's land if for exchange of goods or services
between ag producers (e.g. farms)
-*Commercial applicator for-hire*: use or direct use of pesticides on a contract basis - getting
paid by 3rd party to make pesticide applications on someone else's property (e.g. applications to
a transmission company's powerline right-of-way)
-*Commercial applicator not-for-hire*: use or direct use only to sites that you or your employer
controls and don't contract out pesticide services (e.g. county employee who only applies
pesticides on county land)
Describe how both contact and systemic herbicides work and how they differ. - ANS--*Contact*:
don't move within plant, only kill parts they touch
-*Systemic*: absorbed thru leaves/roots and translocated; flow to growing points of stems/roots,
killing perennial weeds; need correct application rate (high enough to translocate but not so high
as to kill on contact)
Describe how different characteristics of pesticides (e.g. adsorption, solubility, etc.) can affect
movement of a pesticide from a target site - ANS--*solubility*: greater solubility in water
increases likelihood of surface runoff or leaching into GW
-*adsorption*: high adsorption results in pesticides likely not to be carried away by surface
runoff, but erosion of soil particles can lead to contamination
-*volatility*: this increases as wind and temp increase; vaporization leads to drift and downwind
problems
-*persistence*: a measure of how long a pesticide remains in active form in environment; larger
persistence, especially beyond the needed time, increases chances of it moving from target site
-*degradation*: when pesticides break down into often less toxic compounds; pesticides vary
greatly in susceptibility to degradation, which can occur from the sun (photodegradation),
chemical (hydrolysis), or from microbes.
Describe how pesticide resistance arises in a pest population - ANS--when pest is treated with
pesticide, resistant members of the population will survive and repopulate, increasing the
resistant population
-*cross resistance*: pest pops can become resistant to another related pesticide to one they're
already resistant to because similar pesticides use the same mode of action (kills in the same
way)
-*multiple resistance*: resistance to different modes of action
Describe how pesticides are assigned to toxicity categories and given signal words -
ANS--assigned to toxicity category & given signal words based on the highest measured toxicity
(oral, dermal, or inhalation; with eye and external skin injury effects taken into account).
-*DANGER-POISON + skull/crossbones*: highly toxic w/ acute oral LD50 values from a trace to
50 mg/kg; a few drops orally could be fatal to a 150-lb person
-*DANGER*: highly toxic, potential for permanent or severe damage to skin, eyes, or lungs,
contact effects are more dangerous than LD50 acute systemic toxicity
