5.0 Aquatic & Mosquito
Are all materials resistant to all chemicals? - ANS-No material is resistant to all chemicals, and
some are not resistant to any.
Compare and contrast solid vs. hazardous waste. - ANS--*solid*: anything not classified as
hazardous waste; can be solid, liquid, or contained gas; "trash"; any discarded or abandoned
materials
-*hazardous*: classification found on SDS sheet
Compare and explain the difference between acute and delayed effects - ANS--acute = short
term
-delayed = long term
Compare the cause of, and difference between, pest resurgence and a secondary pest
outbreak. - ANS--*pest resurgence*: loss of predators and parasites allows target pest to
rebound and even surpass pretreatment levels because of lack of predators
-*secondary pest outbreak*: loss of predators andd parasites allows a different pest to rebound
because of a lack of predators for them
Compare the difference between particle drift and vapor drift. - ANS--*particle drift*: spray
-*vapor drift*: fumes; volatile pesticide turns into gas and moves away from target area; may
move farther/over longer time than spray
Compare the types of info you can find on a pesticide label and its SDS sheet. - ANS--SDS
sheet usually has more detailed and technical info than the label about the product's chemical
and physical properties, toxicological and ecological info, first-aid procedures, and emergency
response.
-SDS is meant for different professionals
-always heed the label if the SDS contradicts it
Compare the uses of contact and systemic herbicides. - ANS--*Contact*: control
floating/submersed aquatic weeds/algae; often must repeat applications during growing season
to maintain control
-*Systemic*: more effective against rooted aquatic plants, especially perennials
Contrast the difference between organic, inorganic and microbial pesticides. - ANS--*organic*:
most pesticides are this; most are synthetic; extremely effective; specific; principal focus of
health/envtl concerns; commonly associated with problems of pesticide use/misuse
,-*inorganic*: derived from minerals; silica aerogel, boric acid, borates, diatomaceous earth,
copper, sulfur; some have been banned for health/envtl concerns; used mainly for plant
diseases and algicides; non-specific and less effective than organics
-*microbial*: cause disease in pests; Bt products (Bacillus thuringiensis); ag and home gardens;
one effective against mosquito larvae; high level of control may be possible; highly specific,
harmless to other species
Define overspray and drift. - ANS--*overspray*: direct application of pesticide beyond
boundaries of target area; negligent on applicator and flatly prohibited
-*drift*: movement of pesticide in air currents beyond boundaries of target area; can be
solid/liquid/vapor particles; applicator responsible for controlling drift
Define the term "formulation" and describe the function of inert ingredients. - ANS--formulation is
a combo of active and inert ingredients that forms an end-use product
-inert ingredients are those added to formulations that have no pesticidal activity
-*inert ingredient functions (can be any one of these)*: to dilute; act as a carrier (such as an
organic solvent or mineral clay); help it be more effective (stickers and spreaders); or to
stabilize, dye, or improve/enhance pesticidal activity; increase storage stability or others.
Define the term "thermocline", and describe the effects it will have on calculating pesticide
application rate. - ANS--*thermocline*: transition between warm/cold layers in a lake
-*effects*: if your lake is over 10' in depth and has a thermocline, you'll overapply pesticides and
cause ecological damage among other effects. To avoid this, when averaging transect depths,
anything over 10' should be just counted as 10'. For example: Transect depths: 16, 14, 11, 10, 8,
2 --> normal average depth would be 10.2'. But factoring in a thermocline, it would be 10, 10,
10, 10, 8, 2 --> thermocline average depth would be 8.3'.
Define the terms risk, toxicity, and exposure and explain how they relate to the potential for
pesticides to cause harm to people. - ANS--Risk: measure of the likelihood that a person will be
harmed by a pesticide and its particular use
-Toxicity: measure of the ability of a pesticide to cause injury
-Exposure: when pesticide comes in contact with you thorugh skin, ingestion, or inhalation.
-Risk = Toxicity x Exposure
Define the word pesticide and explain how the word differs from specific types of pesticides. -
ANS--*Pesticide*: any substance used to directly control pest populations or to prevent or
reduce pest damage
-'pesticide' is broad and refers to the killing of any pests. insecticide, fungicide, and herbicide are
specific.
Define what a signal word is and how it relates to the relative toxicity of a pesticide. - ANS--a
signal word indicates the relative acute toxicity of the product to humans
-it compares its toxicity to another product with a different signal word
,Define what constitutes a spill. - ANS--a spill is a release of a compound into the environment
(air, water, soil) in any manner other than its intended use
Define when pesticide becomes waste and who is responsible for disposing of it. - ANS-when it
has...
-served its originally intended purpose OR
-you intend to discard
the person responsible for disposing of it is the one who creates the waste
Describe and contrast the difference between a private applicator, a commercial applicator
for-hire and a commercial applicator not-for-hire. - ANS--*Private*: use or direct use of
pesticides to produce agricultural commodity AND applications occur on land owned or rented
by that person or their employer or on someone else's land if for exchange of goods or services
between ag producers (e.g. fish farms)
-*Commercial applicator for-hire*: use or direct use of pesticides on a contract basis - getting
paid by 3rd party to make pesticide applications on someone else's property (e.g. mosquito
control on homeowner's property)
-*Commercial applicator not-for-hire*: use or direct use only to sites that you or your employer
controls and don't contract out pesticide services (e.g. treat pond located on employer's
property)
Describe how different characteristics of pesticides (e.g. adsorption, solubility, etc.) can affect
movement of a pesticide from a target site. - ANS--*solubility*: greater solubility in water
increases likelihood of surface runoff or leaching into GW
-*adsorption*: high adsorption results in pesticides likely not to be carried away by surface
runoff, but erosion of soil particles can lead to contamination
-*volatility*: this increases as wind and temp increase; vaporization leads to drift and downwind
problems
-*persistence*: a measure of how long a pesticide remains in active form in environment; larger
persistence, especially beyond the needed time, increases chances of it moving from target site
-*degradation*: when pesticides break down into often less toxic compounds; pesticides vary
greatly in susceptibility to degradation, which can occur from the sun (photodegradation),
chemical (hydrolysis), or from microbes.
Describe how pesticide resistance arises in a pest population. - ANS--when pest is treated with
pesticide, resistant members of the population will survive and repopulate, increasing the
resistant population
Describe how pesticides are assigned to toxicity categories and given signal words. -
ANS--assigned to toxicity category & given signal words based on the highest measured toxicity.
-*DANGER-POISON + skull/crossbones*: highly toxic w/ acute oral LD50 values from a trace to
50 mg/kg; a few drops orally could be fatal to a 150-lb person
-*DANGER*: highly toxic, potential for permanent or severe damage to skin, eyes, or lungs,
contact effects are more dangerous than LD50 acute systemic toxicity
, -*WARNING*: moderately toxic; if concern is about its systemic toxicity, the acute oral LD50
values can mean that 1tsp-2tbsp could be fatal to a 150-lb person; concern could also be due to
contact to skin, eyes, or respiratory tract
-*CAUTION*: slightly toxic; contact effects are generally irritation of eyes, skin, or respiratory
tract
Describe how to arrange pesticides in storage to protect the products and containers. -
ANS--put containers on pallets/shelves to keep off ground (water damage, corrosion)
-never store dry materials below liquid in case of contamination
-separate pesticides by type, isolating volatile pesticides so vapors don't contaminate
Describe how to calculate how much pesticide to use in flowing water systems. - ANS--1)
determine discharge rate of flowing h2o (CFS)
-2) det. amount of pesticide in ml needed for a recommended rate in ppm && det. effective
contact time (ECT) you wish to use. ECT determined by species susceptibility to pesticide and is
found on label
-3) det. pumping rate of sprayer in gallons per minute
-4) det. output of spray tank in ml of output
-5) det. amount of h2o to add to spray tank
Describe how to properly rinse pesticide containers and list the benefits of doing so. -
ANS--Triple Rinse - do this as soon as the containers are empty
-Process: 1) fill with water to 10-20% capacity 2) securely replace cap 3) shake and rinse 4)
drain container into sprayer 5) repeat 3 times
Describe how to wash, and when to discard, PPE. - ANS-*Fabric Clothing - wash*: wash by
shaking pesticide dust/granules off outdoors first, then prerinse clothing in container or in
washer, then wash clothes separate from other clothes in hot water at highest water setting with
a heavy-duty liquid detergent, drain wash water, check clothes for visible staining/unusual odor,
and if it does have stain or odor wash another time and discard if still there, if it's not discarded,
then line dry clothing
*Fabric Clothing - discard*: when contaminated with pesticide concentrate; if unusual stain/odor
is not removed from clothes after washing 2x
*Respirators*: clean and store after each use; follow manufacturer's specifications; look for
tears, facepiece damage, wear, and missing parts; wash in warm detergent water and store
properly if respirator can be disassembled; and must also be disinfected
*Gloves/Footwear*: wash outside of theese with detergent and water; after removing, wash
them inside/out with detergent and water, rinsing thoroughly; test gloves for leaks
Describe how you would apply piscicide to lakes, streams, and inaccessible areas. -
ANS--*small or inaccessible areas*: backpack sprayers good for treating shorelines w/ thick
vegetation
-*lakes*: depends on lake size and pesticide used; small/moderate lakes usually disperse
pesticides from boat using a boat bailer or pump; pump is good for shallow/weedy areas or to
Are all materials resistant to all chemicals? - ANS-No material is resistant to all chemicals, and
some are not resistant to any.
Compare and contrast solid vs. hazardous waste. - ANS--*solid*: anything not classified as
hazardous waste; can be solid, liquid, or contained gas; "trash"; any discarded or abandoned
materials
-*hazardous*: classification found on SDS sheet
Compare and explain the difference between acute and delayed effects - ANS--acute = short
term
-delayed = long term
Compare the cause of, and difference between, pest resurgence and a secondary pest
outbreak. - ANS--*pest resurgence*: loss of predators and parasites allows target pest to
rebound and even surpass pretreatment levels because of lack of predators
-*secondary pest outbreak*: loss of predators andd parasites allows a different pest to rebound
because of a lack of predators for them
Compare the difference between particle drift and vapor drift. - ANS--*particle drift*: spray
-*vapor drift*: fumes; volatile pesticide turns into gas and moves away from target area; may
move farther/over longer time than spray
Compare the types of info you can find on a pesticide label and its SDS sheet. - ANS--SDS
sheet usually has more detailed and technical info than the label about the product's chemical
and physical properties, toxicological and ecological info, first-aid procedures, and emergency
response.
-SDS is meant for different professionals
-always heed the label if the SDS contradicts it
Compare the uses of contact and systemic herbicides. - ANS--*Contact*: control
floating/submersed aquatic weeds/algae; often must repeat applications during growing season
to maintain control
-*Systemic*: more effective against rooted aquatic plants, especially perennials
Contrast the difference between organic, inorganic and microbial pesticides. - ANS--*organic*:
most pesticides are this; most are synthetic; extremely effective; specific; principal focus of
health/envtl concerns; commonly associated with problems of pesticide use/misuse
,-*inorganic*: derived from minerals; silica aerogel, boric acid, borates, diatomaceous earth,
copper, sulfur; some have been banned for health/envtl concerns; used mainly for plant
diseases and algicides; non-specific and less effective than organics
-*microbial*: cause disease in pests; Bt products (Bacillus thuringiensis); ag and home gardens;
one effective against mosquito larvae; high level of control may be possible; highly specific,
harmless to other species
Define overspray and drift. - ANS--*overspray*: direct application of pesticide beyond
boundaries of target area; negligent on applicator and flatly prohibited
-*drift*: movement of pesticide in air currents beyond boundaries of target area; can be
solid/liquid/vapor particles; applicator responsible for controlling drift
Define the term "formulation" and describe the function of inert ingredients. - ANS--formulation is
a combo of active and inert ingredients that forms an end-use product
-inert ingredients are those added to formulations that have no pesticidal activity
-*inert ingredient functions (can be any one of these)*: to dilute; act as a carrier (such as an
organic solvent or mineral clay); help it be more effective (stickers and spreaders); or to
stabilize, dye, or improve/enhance pesticidal activity; increase storage stability or others.
Define the term "thermocline", and describe the effects it will have on calculating pesticide
application rate. - ANS--*thermocline*: transition between warm/cold layers in a lake
-*effects*: if your lake is over 10' in depth and has a thermocline, you'll overapply pesticides and
cause ecological damage among other effects. To avoid this, when averaging transect depths,
anything over 10' should be just counted as 10'. For example: Transect depths: 16, 14, 11, 10, 8,
2 --> normal average depth would be 10.2'. But factoring in a thermocline, it would be 10, 10,
10, 10, 8, 2 --> thermocline average depth would be 8.3'.
Define the terms risk, toxicity, and exposure and explain how they relate to the potential for
pesticides to cause harm to people. - ANS--Risk: measure of the likelihood that a person will be
harmed by a pesticide and its particular use
-Toxicity: measure of the ability of a pesticide to cause injury
-Exposure: when pesticide comes in contact with you thorugh skin, ingestion, or inhalation.
-Risk = Toxicity x Exposure
Define the word pesticide and explain how the word differs from specific types of pesticides. -
ANS--*Pesticide*: any substance used to directly control pest populations or to prevent or
reduce pest damage
-'pesticide' is broad and refers to the killing of any pests. insecticide, fungicide, and herbicide are
specific.
Define what a signal word is and how it relates to the relative toxicity of a pesticide. - ANS--a
signal word indicates the relative acute toxicity of the product to humans
-it compares its toxicity to another product with a different signal word
,Define what constitutes a spill. - ANS--a spill is a release of a compound into the environment
(air, water, soil) in any manner other than its intended use
Define when pesticide becomes waste and who is responsible for disposing of it. - ANS-when it
has...
-served its originally intended purpose OR
-you intend to discard
the person responsible for disposing of it is the one who creates the waste
Describe and contrast the difference between a private applicator, a commercial applicator
for-hire and a commercial applicator not-for-hire. - ANS--*Private*: use or direct use of
pesticides to produce agricultural commodity AND applications occur on land owned or rented
by that person or their employer or on someone else's land if for exchange of goods or services
between ag producers (e.g. fish farms)
-*Commercial applicator for-hire*: use or direct use of pesticides on a contract basis - getting
paid by 3rd party to make pesticide applications on someone else's property (e.g. mosquito
control on homeowner's property)
-*Commercial applicator not-for-hire*: use or direct use only to sites that you or your employer
controls and don't contract out pesticide services (e.g. treat pond located on employer's
property)
Describe how different characteristics of pesticides (e.g. adsorption, solubility, etc.) can affect
movement of a pesticide from a target site. - ANS--*solubility*: greater solubility in water
increases likelihood of surface runoff or leaching into GW
-*adsorption*: high adsorption results in pesticides likely not to be carried away by surface
runoff, but erosion of soil particles can lead to contamination
-*volatility*: this increases as wind and temp increase; vaporization leads to drift and downwind
problems
-*persistence*: a measure of how long a pesticide remains in active form in environment; larger
persistence, especially beyond the needed time, increases chances of it moving from target site
-*degradation*: when pesticides break down into often less toxic compounds; pesticides vary
greatly in susceptibility to degradation, which can occur from the sun (photodegradation),
chemical (hydrolysis), or from microbes.
Describe how pesticide resistance arises in a pest population. - ANS--when pest is treated with
pesticide, resistant members of the population will survive and repopulate, increasing the
resistant population
Describe how pesticides are assigned to toxicity categories and given signal words. -
ANS--assigned to toxicity category & given signal words based on the highest measured toxicity.
-*DANGER-POISON + skull/crossbones*: highly toxic w/ acute oral LD50 values from a trace to
50 mg/kg; a few drops orally could be fatal to a 150-lb person
-*DANGER*: highly toxic, potential for permanent or severe damage to skin, eyes, or lungs,
contact effects are more dangerous than LD50 acute systemic toxicity
, -*WARNING*: moderately toxic; if concern is about its systemic toxicity, the acute oral LD50
values can mean that 1tsp-2tbsp could be fatal to a 150-lb person; concern could also be due to
contact to skin, eyes, or respiratory tract
-*CAUTION*: slightly toxic; contact effects are generally irritation of eyes, skin, or respiratory
tract
Describe how to arrange pesticides in storage to protect the products and containers. -
ANS--put containers on pallets/shelves to keep off ground (water damage, corrosion)
-never store dry materials below liquid in case of contamination
-separate pesticides by type, isolating volatile pesticides so vapors don't contaminate
Describe how to calculate how much pesticide to use in flowing water systems. - ANS--1)
determine discharge rate of flowing h2o (CFS)
-2) det. amount of pesticide in ml needed for a recommended rate in ppm && det. effective
contact time (ECT) you wish to use. ECT determined by species susceptibility to pesticide and is
found on label
-3) det. pumping rate of sprayer in gallons per minute
-4) det. output of spray tank in ml of output
-5) det. amount of h2o to add to spray tank
Describe how to properly rinse pesticide containers and list the benefits of doing so. -
ANS--Triple Rinse - do this as soon as the containers are empty
-Process: 1) fill with water to 10-20% capacity 2) securely replace cap 3) shake and rinse 4)
drain container into sprayer 5) repeat 3 times
Describe how to wash, and when to discard, PPE. - ANS-*Fabric Clothing - wash*: wash by
shaking pesticide dust/granules off outdoors first, then prerinse clothing in container or in
washer, then wash clothes separate from other clothes in hot water at highest water setting with
a heavy-duty liquid detergent, drain wash water, check clothes for visible staining/unusual odor,
and if it does have stain or odor wash another time and discard if still there, if it's not discarded,
then line dry clothing
*Fabric Clothing - discard*: when contaminated with pesticide concentrate; if unusual stain/odor
is not removed from clothes after washing 2x
*Respirators*: clean and store after each use; follow manufacturer's specifications; look for
tears, facepiece damage, wear, and missing parts; wash in warm detergent water and store
properly if respirator can be disassembled; and must also be disinfected
*Gloves/Footwear*: wash outside of theese with detergent and water; after removing, wash
them inside/out with detergent and water, rinsing thoroughly; test gloves for leaks
Describe how you would apply piscicide to lakes, streams, and inaccessible areas. -
ANS--*small or inaccessible areas*: backpack sprayers good for treating shorelines w/ thick
vegetation
-*lakes*: depends on lake size and pesticide used; small/moderate lakes usually disperse
pesticides from boat using a boat bailer or pump; pump is good for shallow/weedy areas or to
