Health and Social Unit 7 Detailed Final Exam 2025

What is safeguarding? - -safeguarding is protecting everyone from potential harm and abuse. Safeguarding promotes human rights, needs and interests of people. What is abuse? - -abuse is the violation of an individual's rights by another person. Abuse can be intentional and unintentional which causes an individual harm. What are the types of abuse? - -physical Emotional / psychological Neglect Sexual Financial Institutional Bullying Exploitation / mate crime Discrimination Physical abuse - -definition - intentionally inflicting pain or injury on a child or adult. Signs - unexplained injuries, finger marks, bruises, black eyes, fractures, breaks, cuts, scars, scratches, burns, weight loss, weight gain, untreated injuries, untreated illnesses. Behaviours - the individual becoming anxious or fearful, withdrawal, loss in confidence, deterioration in health, refusal to discuss injuries or improbable explanations, wearing clothes to cover bruises, particularly in hot weather. Emotional abuse - -definition - results in harm or damage to an individual's emotional / mental health causing low self-esteem and anxiety. Such as coercive control. Signs - avoids eye contact, being fearful or anxious, self-harming, low self esteem, lack of confidence, self doubt, poor decision making, fear. Behaviours - changes in eating and sleeping, low self esteem, withdrawn / isolated from people and situations, mood swings, frustrated, aggressive, fearful. Neglect - -definition - involves the failure to meet a child or adult's basic needs such as failure to meet medical needs and not providing food or drink. Signs - poor standard of care, poor personal hygiene (clothes / dental), dehydration, under-weight, over-weight, untreated medical problems, unexplained injuries. Behaviours - anxious, depressed, suicidal, withdrawn, isolated, loosing interest, frequent lateness / absence. Sexual abuse - -definition - when a child or adult is forced or persuaded to take part in sexual activities. This may include physical contact such as rape and unwanted sexual contact but can also involve no physical contact i.e. Online. UNIT 7 UNIT 7 Signs - bruised, scratches, soreness, bleeding, unexplained stomach pains / cramps, tiredness, unusual difficulty / discomfort in walking or sitting, underage or unexplained pregnancy, increased need for the toilet. Behaviours - change in behaviour and school performance, sexual awareness inappropriate to the child's age, attempts to teach other children about sexual activity, sexualizes non-sexualised objects or events, regression to younger behaviour e.g. Bed wetting, thumb sucking, becoming withdrawn, anxious, aggressive, frustrated, displaying inappropriate sexual behaviour. Financial abuse - -definition - results in the unauthorized improper use of funds, property or any resources belonging to an individual. Examples of financial abuse can include forcing changes to an individual's will or restricting an individual's access to their bank account. Signs - unexplained lack of money, sudden debts and unpaid bills, possessions disappearing, sudden change in individuals will, missing personal possessions, unexplained withdrawal of funds from accounts, recent changes in deeds or title to property. Behaviours - becoming anxious over money, increasingly talking about inability to make payments and buy items, the family or others show unusual interest in the assets of the person, a lack of clear financial accounts held by a care home or service, failure to provide receipts for shopping or other financial transactions carried out on behalf of the person. Institutional abuse - - definition - involves the mistreatment, abuse or neglect of a child or adult caused when the rules or systems in a setting override the needs and preferences of the individuals being supported such as lack of flexibility over choices at mealtimes for an adult who lives in a residential care home or supporting children to get up in the mornings at times that suit the staff. Signs - lack of flexibility and choice for people using the service, inadequate staffing levels, poor standards of care, lack of adequate procedures, poor record-keeping and missing documents, absence of visitors, public discussion of personal matters, absence of individual care plans, lack of management overview and support, poor environment, dirty or unhygienic, untreated injuries and medical problems, accumulation of untaken medication. Behaviours - people being hungry or dehydrated, lack of personal clothing and possessions and communal use of personal items, few social, recreational and educational activities, unnecessary exposure during bathing or using the toilet, poor physical condition and personal hygiene, inconsistent or reluctant contact with medical and social care organisations, becoming frustrated, feeling isolated, social withdrawal, losing interest in themselves and others. Bullying - -definition - involves harming an individual either physically and emotionally. For example; name calling Signs - unexplained physical injuries, asking for or stealing money to give to bully, self harming which can include bruises, scratches and cuts. Unexplainable injuries, lost or destroyed clothing, books, electronics, or jewellery, feeling sick or faking illness, UNIT 7 UNIT 7 changes in eating habits, like suddenly skipping meals or binge eating, declining grades, loss of interest in schoolwork, or not wanting to go to school, sudden loss of friends or avoidance of social situations, self-destructive behaviours such as running away from home, harming themselves, or talking about suicide. Behaviours - individuals become fearful of going out and carrying out day to day activities, anxious, withdrawn, low self-esteem. Changes in eating and sleeping, frequent tears or anger, mood swings, becomes withdrawn, aggressive and unreasonable, refuses to talk about what is wrong. Exploitation / mate crime - -definition - when an individual is taken advantage of, harmed or abused by another person or persons who they thought were their friends; the individual usually becomes a target due to their vulnerability. For example befriending an individual who has a learning disability and then causing them harm or taking advantage of an individual who has mental health needs. Signs - unexplained physical injuries, bills not being paid, losing weight, new people seem to have an undue influence, buying gifts for other people or giving away precious possession. Behaviours - individuals becoming withdrawn from people and situations, low self esteem, mood swings, changes in friends, changes in behaviour, e.g. Withdrawal from social activities. Discrimination - -definition - can manifest itself as any of the other types of abuse. It is charracterised by oppressive and discriminatory attitudes such as deliberate exclusion of an individual from an activity such as; because of the individuals race or denial of access to a service for an individual because of their sexual orienation. Signs - failure to respect an individual's needs, exclusion from activities or services, an intolerant attitude towards individuals, verbal abuse, derogatory remarks or inappropriate use of language related to a protected characteristic, denying access to communication aids, a lack of choice, privacy and dignity, the use of punishment to the person for example by withholding food and drink from them, a lack of disabled access, being refused access to services or being excluded inappropriately. Behaviours - individuals become withdrawn from people and situations, anxious, withdrawn, isolated, low-self esteem, frustrated, fearful. What is the impact of abuse on individuals? - -abuse can impact and individual physically, intellectually, emotionally and socially. Individuals more at risk of abuse? - -have a learning disability Have dementia Lack mental capacity Have sensory impairment Have physical disabilities Are looked after children Why are individuals with a learning disability more at risk of abuse? - -includes the presence of: a significantly reduced ability to understand new or complex information or UNIT 7 UNIT 7 to learn new skills; a reduced ability to cope independently; an impairment that started before adulthood, with a lasting effect on development. This means that an individual may not know or understand their rights, they may want to please others. Why are individuals with dementia more at risk of abuse? - -a collection of symptoms that may include difficulties with language, memory, concentration, planning or organising such as making arrangements to attend an appointment. This means that an individual may not recognise that abuse is occurring; they may not remember the incident; they may have difficulty remembering and communicating their experience, behaviours such as withdrawal may be mistaken as part of their dementia. They may not be believed or taken seriously. Why are individuals who lack mental capacity more at risk of abuse? - -an individual is unable to make their own decisions about their care and treatment due to not having the mental capacity due to, for example, having a learning disability, a mental health condition or being unconscious due to a sudden illness or accident. This means that an individual may not be able to tell anyone; they may be dependent on others. Why are individuals with a sensory impairment more at risk of abuse? - -this term refers to a loss in vision (this includes blindness and partial sight), a loss in hearing (this includes deafness and partial hearing) and a loss in both vision and hearing (this includes deaf/blindness and a partial loss in both vision and hearing). They may have limited experience of personal relationships and may depend on others to meet their intimate care needs and therefore are less likely to report abuse. Why are individuals with a physical disability more at risk of abuse? - -defined as having a physical impairment that has a 'substantial' and 'long-term' negative effect on your ability to do normal daily activities. Substantial is defined as taking a lot longer than usual to complete a daily task like getting dressed or washed. Long-term is defined as meaning 12 months or more. This means that an individual may depend on others; feel powerless They may have to depend on others to carry out tasks to help them and therefore feel powerless to prevent abuse from happening. Why are looked after children more at risk of abuse? - -this term refers to children who are looked after or under the care of the local authority. They might be living in a number of settings including: with foster parents; at home with parents and under the supervision of social services; in residential children's settings like homes; schools and secure units. This means that an individual may have poor life experiences; difficulties in forming trusting relationships; move around a lot. They may have had poor life experiences, may move in and out of different settings and may be unlikely to form trusting relationships with adults and / or other children and are therefore less likely to report abuse. What are the environmental factors that may make abuse more likely? - -care services with institutional practices UNIT 7 UNIT 7 Adults and children residing in health and social care settings Health services (gp surgeries, physiotherapy practices) Independent living facilities Homelessness Why are care services with institutional practices more at risk of abuse? - - Can involve more intrusive care that does not respect privacy, comfort or unique needs Practices become more acceptable for all Difficult to speak out or report the abuse May feel as if they are in the minority Why are residents of a health and social care setting more at risk of abuse? - -settings are perceived as safe Workers are deemed to be trustworthy Workers are deemed to have the power Fear to speak out as they worry about being asked to leave Worry about lose of jobs/criminal proceedings Why are individuals using a health services more at risk of abuse? - -practitioners are in a position of trust and power Regarded as the "expert" so unlikely to complain about poor care Under-staffing can lead to time pressures Why are individuals in an independent living facility more at risk of abuse? - independent living facilities: includes settings where individuals live in their own separate flat or house but have access to a communal area that is shared with others who live as part of this independent living community. Independent living facilities are aimed at enabling individuals to maintain their independence and for this reason are