NSG4330 - Midterm #2 2025/2026 Exam
Comprehensive Questions and Verified
Answers | Accurate Solutions | Get it
100% Correct!! | Already Graded A+
BUN - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Measurement of how well your body is clearing urea
(which is end product of protein metabolism)
Affected by fluid and diet
10-20 mg/dL
Creatinine - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Product of muscle metabolism
Not affected by fluid and diet
Liver Function - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Macronutrient Metabolism
(protein b/d = ammonia, which converts to urea)
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,Drug Metabolism
Vitamin Storage (glucose, iron, A, B, D)
Bile Production
Kupffer Cells - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Line liver capillaries
Macrophages b/d hgb and ingests old RBCs for iron
Viral Hepatitis
Basics - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔inflammation and necrosis of hepatic cells caused
by cytotoxic cytokines + natural killer cells (from viral invasion)
Obstructs bile flow which causes backflow.
Viral Hepatitis
Diagnosis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Serology to confirm antigen presence
(IgM- acute infx; IgG- past)
*For Hep C, must test for active replication via PCR*
Labs:
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
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PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Liver enzymes show generalized inflammation
LFTs (incr bili and PT/INR... decr albumin and platelets)
Clinical Findings:
Rash, angioedema (lips and eyes), arthritis, fever, malaise, RUQ pain
Toxic/Drug Induced Hepatitis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Toxic: ingest/inhale toxic
substances (glue, insecticides, work exposure)
Drug: acetaminophen, aspirin, statins
Symptoms: n/v, hepato/splenomegaly, GI sx, jaundice, RUQ pain
Tx: remove cause, gastric lavage, minimal meds, lactulose for ammonia
excretion, hydrate, low fat/mod protein/high CHO/calorie
Cirrhosis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Chronic degeneration disease of the liver, cells
replaced with scar tissue.
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
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PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Types:
1. Alcoholic
2. Post-necrotic (acute viral)
3. Biliary (chronic obstruction/infx)
Clinical Manifestations: dull abd pain in RUQ, n/v, dyspepsia)
Jaundice - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Yellowing of the skin caused by an
accumulation of bilirubin in the blood from decr liver fxn.
Can also cause pruritus from bile salt accumulation on skin
Portal Hypertension - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Increase in venous pressure portal
circulation due to obstructed blood flow through the liver. Veins enlarge
causing varices and ascites.
Complication of cirrhosis
Esophageal Varices - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Swollen veins in esophagus due to
increased pressure. Can cause massive hemorrhage/bleeding if ruptured.
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
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PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Comprehensive Questions and Verified
Answers | Accurate Solutions | Get it
100% Correct!! | Already Graded A+
BUN - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Measurement of how well your body is clearing urea
(which is end product of protein metabolism)
Affected by fluid and diet
10-20 mg/dL
Creatinine - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Product of muscle metabolism
Not affected by fluid and diet
Liver Function - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Macronutrient Metabolism
(protein b/d = ammonia, which converts to urea)
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
1
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Drug Metabolism
Vitamin Storage (glucose, iron, A, B, D)
Bile Production
Kupffer Cells - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Line liver capillaries
Macrophages b/d hgb and ingests old RBCs for iron
Viral Hepatitis
Basics - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔inflammation and necrosis of hepatic cells caused
by cytotoxic cytokines + natural killer cells (from viral invasion)
Obstructs bile flow which causes backflow.
Viral Hepatitis
Diagnosis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Serology to confirm antigen presence
(IgM- acute infx; IgG- past)
*For Hep C, must test for active replication via PCR*
Labs:
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
2
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Liver enzymes show generalized inflammation
LFTs (incr bili and PT/INR... decr albumin and platelets)
Clinical Findings:
Rash, angioedema (lips and eyes), arthritis, fever, malaise, RUQ pain
Toxic/Drug Induced Hepatitis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Toxic: ingest/inhale toxic
substances (glue, insecticides, work exposure)
Drug: acetaminophen, aspirin, statins
Symptoms: n/v, hepato/splenomegaly, GI sx, jaundice, RUQ pain
Tx: remove cause, gastric lavage, minimal meds, lactulose for ammonia
excretion, hydrate, low fat/mod protein/high CHO/calorie
Cirrhosis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Chronic degeneration disease of the liver, cells
replaced with scar tissue.
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
3
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Types:
1. Alcoholic
2. Post-necrotic (acute viral)
3. Biliary (chronic obstruction/infx)
Clinical Manifestations: dull abd pain in RUQ, n/v, dyspepsia)
Jaundice - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Yellowing of the skin caused by an
accumulation of bilirubin in the blood from decr liver fxn.
Can also cause pruritus from bile salt accumulation on skin
Portal Hypertension - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Increase in venous pressure portal
circulation due to obstructed blood flow through the liver. Veins enlarge
causing varices and ascites.
Complication of cirrhosis
Esophageal Varices - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Swollen veins in esophagus due to
increased pressure. Can cause massive hemorrhage/bleeding if ruptured.
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
4
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
