HKIN 191-MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE
Afterload
-Pressure acting on the heart
-Resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
-Stiffer blood vessels increase the afterload on the heart, making it work harder
Preload
-Volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole (end diastolic pressure) when
the heart is at its relaxed points
Pulse Wave Velocity
-Measurement of arterial stiffness, or the rate at which the pressure moves down the
vessel
-As the blood flows through the vessels of the circulatory system, it moves out of the
left ventricle and into the aorta where it is then pushed through the rest of the
circulatory system
-During systole, the contraction of the left ventricle and the ejection of blood moving
into the ascending aorta acutely dilates the aortic wall and generates a pressure
wave that moves along the arterial tree
-The velocity of this movement gives a measurement of arterial compliance
Tonometer
-Used to measure arterial stiffness and cardiovascular health
-Measures the pulse wave velocity
-Allows you to measure the pulse as its passing from one place in the body to
another
, -It will tell you how fast the signal is going from point A to B
-Higher the number, the stiffer the vessel
Carotid and Femoral Artery
-Carotid artery is in the neck and has a stronger signal because it is closer to the
heart
-The femoral artery is in the groin area and the wave will be smaller than the one in
the neck
Arterial Stiffness vs Compliance
-Arterial stiffness in an artery is not going to absorb any pressure that's passing by it,
that's why it is faster
-A compliant vessel might absorb some of the signal as its passing through and by
doing that it will slow down the time when the pulse arrives at the point
-For a given pressure change in a compliant vessel, there will be a greater change in
volume
-Greater change in volume=more compliant vessel
How Arteries Change With Age
-With age, or due to changes in the arterial wall, these vessels become stiffer and
the speed at which the pressure wave moves through the system is increased
What Can PWV tell us About the Cardiovascular Health of Someone?
-Health of the arterial system
-Stiff vessels will cause the heart to do more work
-Disease will cause a faster pulse
-Exercise helps arterial stiffness so value will go down
-Predictive of heart attacks and strokes
Arteries
Go away from the heart
Veins
Go back towards the heart
Physical Activity
-any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy
expenditure and is positively correlated with physical fitness
-The broad components of PA are occupational, transport, domestic, and leisure
time which consists of exercise, sport, and unstructured recreation
Afterload
-Pressure acting on the heart
-Resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
-Stiffer blood vessels increase the afterload on the heart, making it work harder
Preload
-Volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole (end diastolic pressure) when
the heart is at its relaxed points
Pulse Wave Velocity
-Measurement of arterial stiffness, or the rate at which the pressure moves down the
vessel
-As the blood flows through the vessels of the circulatory system, it moves out of the
left ventricle and into the aorta where it is then pushed through the rest of the
circulatory system
-During systole, the contraction of the left ventricle and the ejection of blood moving
into the ascending aorta acutely dilates the aortic wall and generates a pressure
wave that moves along the arterial tree
-The velocity of this movement gives a measurement of arterial compliance
Tonometer
-Used to measure arterial stiffness and cardiovascular health
-Measures the pulse wave velocity
-Allows you to measure the pulse as its passing from one place in the body to
another
, -It will tell you how fast the signal is going from point A to B
-Higher the number, the stiffer the vessel
Carotid and Femoral Artery
-Carotid artery is in the neck and has a stronger signal because it is closer to the
heart
-The femoral artery is in the groin area and the wave will be smaller than the one in
the neck
Arterial Stiffness vs Compliance
-Arterial stiffness in an artery is not going to absorb any pressure that's passing by it,
that's why it is faster
-A compliant vessel might absorb some of the signal as its passing through and by
doing that it will slow down the time when the pulse arrives at the point
-For a given pressure change in a compliant vessel, there will be a greater change in
volume
-Greater change in volume=more compliant vessel
How Arteries Change With Age
-With age, or due to changes in the arterial wall, these vessels become stiffer and
the speed at which the pressure wave moves through the system is increased
What Can PWV tell us About the Cardiovascular Health of Someone?
-Health of the arterial system
-Stiff vessels will cause the heart to do more work
-Disease will cause a faster pulse
-Exercise helps arterial stiffness so value will go down
-Predictive of heart attacks and strokes
Arteries
Go away from the heart
Veins
Go back towards the heart
Physical Activity
-any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy
expenditure and is positively correlated with physical fitness
-The broad components of PA are occupational, transport, domestic, and leisure
time which consists of exercise, sport, and unstructured recreation
