PORTAGE LEARNING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
NURS 231/BIOD 331 MIDTERM EXAM ALL
VERSIONS 2025/2026 NEWEST BANK COMPLETE
400 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS) /A+
GRADE ASSURED
What is the most important active transport system and
why is it important? - ....ANSWER...sodium potassium
pump. moves sodium out and potassium in.
Define endocytosis and the 2 processes it encompasses. -
....ANSWER...endocytosis - occurs when a molecule
outside of the cell is enclosed in an invagination of the cell
membrane forming a vesicle inside the cell. includes,
pinocytosis and phagocytosis.
why are ion channels necessary? - ....ANSWER...because
ions like sodium and potassium have an electric charge,
they are unable to get through the lipid bilayer. they cross
by facilitated diffusion through selective ion channels
,different types of transport systems -
....ANSWER...primary active transport- uses ATP
secondary active transport - uses energy from a primary
active transport. symport and antiport
what are membrane potentials? - ....ANSWER...electrical
potentials that exist in the cell membrane are called
membrane potentials.
four different types of tissue and characteristics -
....ANSWER...four types of tissue
1. epithelial - covers the body outer surface, lines the inner
surfaces and forms glandular tissue. It is avascular,
meaning without blood vessels.
2. connective. connects and binds or supports the various
tissue
3. muscle - move the skeletal structures, pump blood
through the heart
4. neurons - communication.
,what is atrophy and what causes it? -
....ANSWER...atrophy is a decrease in size of an organ or
tissue resulting from a decrease in the mass of pre-existing
cells.
difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia -
....ANSWER...hypertrophy - increase in size of an organ or
tissue to the increase in size of the cells that comprise it by
workload or stress.
hyperplasia - increase in size of a organ or tissue by an
increase in the number of cells.
What is the advantage and disadvantage of metaplasia? -
....ANSWER...metaplasia usually occurs in response to
chronic irritation and inflammation and allows for
substitution of cells that are better able to survive under
those circumstances. Under persistent stress, it can progress
to dysplasia.
What is dysplasia? it it reversible? what can it lead to? -
....ANSWER...dysplasia is disordered cellular growth and
can result in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization.
, Dysplasia is reversible, in theory, with alleviation of inciting
stress. If stress persists, dysplasia progresses to carcinoma
(irreversible)
List the 5 categories in which cells can be damaged and
give an example of each - ....ANSWER...injury from
physical agents: mechanical forces
biological agents: viruses, parasites, and bacteria
chemical injuries: drugs
radiation: cancer treatment, UV rays
nutritional balances: nutrient excess or deficiency.
What is apoptosis? - ....ANSWER...programmed cell death
Different types of necrosis - ....ANSWER...necrosis refers
to cell death in an organ or tissues that is still part of a
living person.
NURS 231/BIOD 331 MIDTERM EXAM ALL
VERSIONS 2025/2026 NEWEST BANK COMPLETE
400 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS) /A+
GRADE ASSURED
What is the most important active transport system and
why is it important? - ....ANSWER...sodium potassium
pump. moves sodium out and potassium in.
Define endocytosis and the 2 processes it encompasses. -
....ANSWER...endocytosis - occurs when a molecule
outside of the cell is enclosed in an invagination of the cell
membrane forming a vesicle inside the cell. includes,
pinocytosis and phagocytosis.
why are ion channels necessary? - ....ANSWER...because
ions like sodium and potassium have an electric charge,
they are unable to get through the lipid bilayer. they cross
by facilitated diffusion through selective ion channels
,different types of transport systems -
....ANSWER...primary active transport- uses ATP
secondary active transport - uses energy from a primary
active transport. symport and antiport
what are membrane potentials? - ....ANSWER...electrical
potentials that exist in the cell membrane are called
membrane potentials.
four different types of tissue and characteristics -
....ANSWER...four types of tissue
1. epithelial - covers the body outer surface, lines the inner
surfaces and forms glandular tissue. It is avascular,
meaning without blood vessels.
2. connective. connects and binds or supports the various
tissue
3. muscle - move the skeletal structures, pump blood
through the heart
4. neurons - communication.
,what is atrophy and what causes it? -
....ANSWER...atrophy is a decrease in size of an organ or
tissue resulting from a decrease in the mass of pre-existing
cells.
difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia -
....ANSWER...hypertrophy - increase in size of an organ or
tissue to the increase in size of the cells that comprise it by
workload or stress.
hyperplasia - increase in size of a organ or tissue by an
increase in the number of cells.
What is the advantage and disadvantage of metaplasia? -
....ANSWER...metaplasia usually occurs in response to
chronic irritation and inflammation and allows for
substitution of cells that are better able to survive under
those circumstances. Under persistent stress, it can progress
to dysplasia.
What is dysplasia? it it reversible? what can it lead to? -
....ANSWER...dysplasia is disordered cellular growth and
can result in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization.
, Dysplasia is reversible, in theory, with alleviation of inciting
stress. If stress persists, dysplasia progresses to carcinoma
(irreversible)
List the 5 categories in which cells can be damaged and
give an example of each - ....ANSWER...injury from
physical agents: mechanical forces
biological agents: viruses, parasites, and bacteria
chemical injuries: drugs
radiation: cancer treatment, UV rays
nutritional balances: nutrient excess or deficiency.
What is apoptosis? - ....ANSWER...programmed cell death
Different types of necrosis - ....ANSWER...necrosis refers
to cell death in an organ or tissues that is still part of a
living person.
