NAS 2 CHALLENGE STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 ANSWERS
AND QUESTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔anatomical planes - ✔✔Frontal/coronal
Transverse/horizontal
Sagittal
✔✔Frontal - ✔✔Divides the body into anterior and posterior. Brain, kidneys, and heart
✔✔Transverse - ✔✔Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
✔✔Sagittal - ✔✔Divides the body into left and right portions. Midsagittal. Longitudinal
✔✔Body Cavities - ✔✔Dorsal-cranial,vertebral
Ventral-thoracic,diaphragm;abdominopelvic; abdominal;pelvic
Thoracic-mediastinum,pleural,pericardial
✔✔Atomic structure - ✔✔Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
✔✔Covalent Bond - ✔✔Strong bond. Shares one or more electrons between atoms
✔✔Ionic Bond - ✔✔Attraction of two opposite charged ions (that form a compound)
✔✔Hydrogen Bond - ✔✔Weak chemical bond. Partial electric charge of opposite poles
✔✔Non-Polar Bond - ✔✔Electrons are shared equally between atoms
✔✔Polar Bond - ✔✔Electrons are NOT shared equally
✔✔Substrate - ✔✔Reactants that bind to an active site
✔✔Enzyme - ✔✔Protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of a specific biological reaction
✔✔Decomposition reaction - ✔✔Compound breaks down into two or more simpler
substances. AB—>
A+B
✔✔Synthesis Reaction - ✔✔Two or more substances combine to form a new compound
(a larger one) A + B —> AB
✔✔Exchange Reactions - ✔✔Combination of both synthesis and decomposition
reactions.
, AB + C—>AB + CD —> AD + CB
✔✔Enzyme Catalyze - ✔✔Lowers the activation energy of the reaction
✔✔Waters Role in Life - ✔✔Universal solvent
Ionizes compounds to electrolytes
Helps preserve body heat
Lubricant
Reactivity (hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis)
✔✔PH - ✔✔a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is (7.0 is neutral) 1-14
✔✔Organic Compound - ✔✔Compound that contains carbon
✔✔Monomer - ✔✔small molecular unit that is the building block of a larger molecule
✔✔Polymer - ✔✔long chain of monomers
✔✔Major Organic Compounds - ✔✔1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
✔✔Carbohydrates - ✔✔Holds connective tissues together
✔✔Lipids - ✔✔Needed to create a cell membrane. Fats
✔✔Proteins - ✔✔Building blocks of the body
✔✔Nucleic Acids - ✔✔DNA and RNA
✔✔Tertiary Structure - ✔✔Three dimensional protein structure that allows enzymes to
interact with substrate reactants by binding that substrate to the surface of the enzymes
active sites
✔✔Cell Theroy - ✔✔1. All living things are composed of one or more cells
2. Cells are the basic functional units of all living organisms
3. All cells arise from existing cells
✔✔Requirements for Cellular Life - ✔✔1. Energy (light)
2. Carbon (CO2 or other organisms)
3. Electron acceptor (oxygen)
✔✔Mitochondira - ✔✔Powerhouse of the cell. ATP production
AND QUESTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔anatomical planes - ✔✔Frontal/coronal
Transverse/horizontal
Sagittal
✔✔Frontal - ✔✔Divides the body into anterior and posterior. Brain, kidneys, and heart
✔✔Transverse - ✔✔Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
✔✔Sagittal - ✔✔Divides the body into left and right portions. Midsagittal. Longitudinal
✔✔Body Cavities - ✔✔Dorsal-cranial,vertebral
Ventral-thoracic,diaphragm;abdominopelvic; abdominal;pelvic
Thoracic-mediastinum,pleural,pericardial
✔✔Atomic structure - ✔✔Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
✔✔Covalent Bond - ✔✔Strong bond. Shares one or more electrons between atoms
✔✔Ionic Bond - ✔✔Attraction of two opposite charged ions (that form a compound)
✔✔Hydrogen Bond - ✔✔Weak chemical bond. Partial electric charge of opposite poles
✔✔Non-Polar Bond - ✔✔Electrons are shared equally between atoms
✔✔Polar Bond - ✔✔Electrons are NOT shared equally
✔✔Substrate - ✔✔Reactants that bind to an active site
✔✔Enzyme - ✔✔Protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of a specific biological reaction
✔✔Decomposition reaction - ✔✔Compound breaks down into two or more simpler
substances. AB—>
A+B
✔✔Synthesis Reaction - ✔✔Two or more substances combine to form a new compound
(a larger one) A + B —> AB
✔✔Exchange Reactions - ✔✔Combination of both synthesis and decomposition
reactions.
, AB + C—>AB + CD —> AD + CB
✔✔Enzyme Catalyze - ✔✔Lowers the activation energy of the reaction
✔✔Waters Role in Life - ✔✔Universal solvent
Ionizes compounds to electrolytes
Helps preserve body heat
Lubricant
Reactivity (hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis)
✔✔PH - ✔✔a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is (7.0 is neutral) 1-14
✔✔Organic Compound - ✔✔Compound that contains carbon
✔✔Monomer - ✔✔small molecular unit that is the building block of a larger molecule
✔✔Polymer - ✔✔long chain of monomers
✔✔Major Organic Compounds - ✔✔1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
✔✔Carbohydrates - ✔✔Holds connective tissues together
✔✔Lipids - ✔✔Needed to create a cell membrane. Fats
✔✔Proteins - ✔✔Building blocks of the body
✔✔Nucleic Acids - ✔✔DNA and RNA
✔✔Tertiary Structure - ✔✔Three dimensional protein structure that allows enzymes to
interact with substrate reactants by binding that substrate to the surface of the enzymes
active sites
✔✔Cell Theroy - ✔✔1. All living things are composed of one or more cells
2. Cells are the basic functional units of all living organisms
3. All cells arise from existing cells
✔✔Requirements for Cellular Life - ✔✔1. Energy (light)
2. Carbon (CO2 or other organisms)
3. Electron acceptor (oxygen)
✔✔Mitochondira - ✔✔Powerhouse of the cell. ATP production
